Max+N

=**Search for life on mars**= = = = = =These are some paragraphs that I wrote containing the information of space, in the five videos that I watched for science.= = = = = =**The History of the Solar System**= = Universe was made when the "big bang" happened. In a VERY brief moment, the universe was expanding from the size of an atom to the size of the earth. It was a mix of anti-quarks, energy and quarks. Then protons and neutrons and anti-protons started to form from radiation, but soon broke apart into energy again. After one second, the temperature has fallen to 10,000,000,000 degrees. Electrons start to form. The temperature continues to drop. After 3 minutes a quarter of the protons and neutrons combined to make helium nucleus. For 300000 years nothing really happens besides the universe expanding, and the temperature falling. Electrons started to orbit protons and hydrogen nucleus to make atoms. Structure started to form. About 2,000,000,000 years after the big bang, the formation of galaxies began. = = = = = = =  From big bang to Galaxies = = =The stars and the sun were made when gravity pulled together gas and dust. There was a disk around the star that gathered solid material. That made huge clumps. Far from the sun, icy clumps survived. Sometimes they would collide with each other to make themselves bigger, but sometimes it was so fast that the clumps would both obliterate and were just broken up again. In the outer solar system, four large matters formed. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Moons were formed on them. Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars were soon created also. Heat was generated inside of the planets by radiation. The moon was probably created by a huge collision by the newly formed earth, and another planet. Particles were ejected out of the solar system, or put in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Icy particles from the outer solar system become comets when in the warm part of the sun. Oxygen was produced by plants on earth breaking down carbon dioxide for the life of animals. 65000000 years ago a 15 kilometer rock from spaced crashed down to earth causing the mass extinction of dinosaurs. = = = = = ** Lives of the Stars ** = = =Stars form in dark cold clouds of dust. A wave from a nearby exploding star, or something else causes clumps to form. Each clump contracts as gravity pulls it together. Near the center the collapse gets faster. The energy of the falling gas heats up the core. The star starts to spin faster as its shrinking. Bigger stars form much more quickly than small ones or regular ones. The big stars are bluish/white. They are about 20 times bigger than the sun, and shine 100,000 times more bright than the sun. Stars of lower mass, are smaller and dimmer than big stars. The temperatures are lower, and that effects what color they are. About 5,000,000,000 years ago, the sun was created in an interstellar cloud. As the sun expands, the color gets darker. Eventually the sun gets as small as the earth, and becomes a dwarf star. = = = ** The Milky Way Galaxy ** = = =On a dark night the milky way stretches across the sky. The light comes from huge numbers of stars. The dark patches are just clouds of dust. To imagine the milky way, go half a million light years away, and see that there is a flat disk of stars in a horizontal line. There is a thinner layer of gas and dust inside of the line of stars. In the center there is a big clump of white. If you are looking down on the galaxy half a million light years away, its different. There are four big spirals spinning from the white center. In the very center of the white center, there is the nucleus. It is most likely a black hole surrounded with dark clouds of gas. The galaxy is spinning. Each star is in its own orbit though. There is gravity pulling on the stars, but we don’t know what the dark matter is. Yet. = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =** The Sun **= = = =The sun is a star. Like all stars the sun is just a ball of hot gas. In an eclipse, the sun becomes millions of degrees in the corona. In the core of the sun, the temperature is 15,000,000 degrees. In the sun, hydrogen nucleus single protons crash together, and build up, and turn into nucleus of helium. Every second 4,000,000 tons of hydrogen vanish, in order to generate the sun's energy. Jets of incandescent gas called spicules, go up just like flames. The most intense bursts on the sun are solar flares. The earth's magnetic field makes particles from the sun go downwards near the north and south poles. The sun has its own magnetic field which is 5 times stronger than the earth's. The sun spins about once a month. As the sun spins, the field get more and more wound up. The individual sun spots on the sun, last about a few weeks. At most. After a few years, the number of the sun spots, reaches a peak. Then the activity comes down. Until the whole cycle goes again. = = =

The Hubble Deep Field Academy   This Wiki Entry is about what astronomers see and learn from Hubble pictures. An example of a question astronomers asked about HDF pictures is How far away are the objects? In the HDF image there are 3,000 objects. Eliptical Galaxies, stars and Spiral galaxies were in this image that my partner and I chose. Astronomers estimate distances using how much light the objects give off. The color of the galaxy tells us how old it is and the shape tells us what type it is. The astronomers estimate the number of galaxies in space by dividing the sky, and then counting the amount in only one section. And after that they multiply one sector. Then they have the whole entire universe! This is what the Hubble Deep Field Academy taught me and my partner, and I was very interested in it. = =

= Rockets =

Today I will be discussing what America used to get man on the moon. Rockets. In the first century A.D. the Chinese created "gun powder". This was made from Saltpeter, Sulfur, and charcoal dust. A first "rocket" that experience flight was a aeolipile which was invented by the Greek inventor Hero of Alexandria. It was like a kettle filled with water with a fire under it. It turned the water into steam which then traveled through tubes into a small sphere. The sphere had tubes shaped like L's on the sides, and let gas escape, which gave it a thrust and made this sphere rotate. It may not seem like a Rocket at all, but we did build off of that. Konstantin Tsiolkovysky gave the idea of exploring space by a rocket. He suggested that liquid propellants should be used in rockets because they would make rockets go greater ranges. From a great amount of research he said that the speed and range of rockets were down by the exhaust velocity of escaping gases. Robert Goddard was also a historical figure in rocketry who got very far. March 16, 1926 Goddard got the first flight with a liquid propellant rocket. But it lasted only two and a half seconds, and climbed 12 and a half meters. Even though this wasn't a long distance at all, it was a big achievement because it inspired up many more ideas for rocketry now. V-2 rockets were the next huge thing. They were created by Germany during WWI. They were used against Russia. These rockets had such a strong thrust by burning a mixture made up of alcohol and liquid oxygen, every 10 seconds! Rockets are used today in taking men to the moon, we are now looking at life on mars and many more reasons.





=** Rocket Mechanics **= Rocket Experiment Summary The purpose of the rocket experiment was to find out the altitude height, and the distance our rockets went. We built our own rockets with directions. We found out how to make the rockets, and just rocketry in general. We used reusable rockets so we could put another engine and lift the rocket off again. We used a switch to make the rocket lift off. Here is a scatter plot of the mass and max altitude of the rocket:

[[file:rocket data graph.emf]]
The rocket that my partner and I built has fins with even strokes of glue, and it had the highest altitude out of everyone's in the class; so maybe that has to do with it. We did not use a lot of paint, and it could have decreased the drag of the rocket. I think that next time we can improve the lift of our rocket if we put the nose cap on a bit tighter; because when we were going to lift off, the nose cap was to tight so we had to loosen it, but we did it too much.

=** Mars rover drop summary **= Our mars rover drop was very effective It worked and everything went right, and the egg did not break. Also we got the egg out in less than 45 seconds, when it landed on the target. Our system worked well. We put our egg in a Dixie cup, with two rubber bands wrapped on the top; to stop the egg from coming out. Then we put another Dixie cup on top of the Dixie cup with the egg in it. we wrapped that in bubble wrap, and put it in an inflatable bag. The balloon helped a lot with the impact, because the balloon fell first making the balloon weighted with popsicle sticks taped to it. I think we could have improved by putting less popcicle sticks, and not a tape dispenser, because the balloon could have popped, there for breaking the egg. Here is a picture of the mars vehicle my group and I made:

Mindstorms robots

Programming Robots My partner and I programmed robots through obstacles, with mindstorms robots. There were ports where we would put the different gadgets onto the robot. We did little challenges and assignments for the tribot, to see if we can program the robot correctly. There are two motors, and they interact in a lot of ways. When you want to go forward, both wheels go at the same rate. When you a point turn, one wheel stays put while the other goes forward. When you want to go left, the left wheel stays put, when the right wheel goes forward. When you want to go right, the right wheel stays put, while the left one goes forward. The sensors on the Mindstorms robot; works in many ways. There is an ultrasonic sensor that detects distance with vibration. There is a sound sensor that detects decibels; even sounds that humans cant hear. There is a touch sensor that senses when it hits a surrounding. There is also light sensor that detects light and colors.



You can identify minerals by color, luster, Hardness, Streaks, and an Acid test. To do the color test and the luster test you look at them. . To do the streak test you scratch the mineral on a white streak plate and a black streak plate. To do the hardness test you have to scratch two items you know the hardness of with the mineral. To do the acid test you put hydrochloric Acid on the minerals and if it bubbles it is a carbonate compound. There is a rover on Mars, and its called Curiosity. The curiosity is able to perform geology experiments on mars. It drills a hole in the rock with the small drill in the front of it. Then the powder that comes out travels back into the rover. Then the powder is split into two evaluations. One of them would give information on mineralogy and the other would give information on whether there are organic molecules. The curiosity has a laser, so people can look at the rocks on outcrops.

One of the characteristics something needs to be classified as living is it has to be made of cells. This is one of the fundamental units of living things. Next, it needs certain materials to live. They are water, minerals, and air. The next thing that they need is to be Homeostatic. Homeostatic is where internally living things stay about the same despite the environmental changes. The next thing is that they need to respond to stimuli. Positive, is where you move towards stimulus. Like if you hear water running, you want to move towards it, while with negative like if you hear growling, you move away/run. The next thing is they need to reproduce. It is the process by which organisms produce offspring of their own kind. Plants and animals reproduce in different ways. Sexual reproduction is where there is two parents. Asexual reproduction is where there is one parent. Also they need to grow. All things develop from a lower or simpler to a higher or more complex form. This is the order: Embryo-newborn-child-adolescent-adult. Not all things grow at the same rate or reach the same size. The next thing is that they need to adapt. That is where the organism is suited to live certain ways. The last thing is they need respiration. That is where it releases energy stored in the chemical bonds of sugars (food). Consumers are some organisms must take in food to sustain life. Producers create their own food. There are many ways to search for life on other planets. a way you can search for signs of life is to look for any water. You could also look for organic remains and isotopic signatures. The "Viking" was to look for life on mars when they were sent into space in 1976. One of the tests was to mix Mars soil with a drop of water with nutrients and radioactive carbon atoms. If the soil had microbes it should release a gas that could be detected by the probes on the "Viking". It also did controlled experiments like heating the soil and keeping it in a dark space before adding the water.