Dunning+H+SFLOM

Electricity is an important element in modern day life and comes in three main forms. Static electricity has to do with the positive and negative molecules in objects attracting and repelling. For example when a balloon is rubbed in someone’s hair negative molecules are torn off of the hair and stick to the balloon which is an insulator meaning the molecules cannot move freely about the balloon. If the balloon is put against a wall the positive molecules attract the balloon and it sticks. Another form of energy is electrical current. This is the electricity that flows in a circuit and is moving in a controlled manner. In a circuit the electricity flows from a source to a light bulb for example. The flow is controlled and doesn’t just fly all over the place like lightning. Electric discharge is another form and is basically the opposite of current. Electric discharge is when enough electrons build up that they have to go somewhere so they fly out. A good example of this is shocking a doorknob when you rub your feet on the carpet or lightning which is a discharge from the clouds. __** electricity in the search for life on mars **__ Electricity will be very important to search for life on Mars. A rover for example needs lots of electricity to excavate soil samples and analyze it with an onboard lab like curiosity does. Electricity can also be used to contact the rover to see pictures and see if there are signs of life. Without electricity the search would become much harder because the rover might run out of power or it would have to be recovered. The rover also needs to have a program or be controlled by someone else, which would be much easier to do using electric circuit boards or remotes.
 * __ Forms of electricity __**

Magnetism Magnetism is the attraction and repelling of molecules in atoms and the way the electrons orbit the nucleus. If all the electrons are orbiting the same way the object becomes magnetized. This can occur when extreme pressure or heat. When not all the electrons orbit the same way they are not magnetized. Some materials like iron can be temporarily turned into a magnet because if another magnet is held to it the direction of the electrons change making it a magnet temporarily. These magnetized items have a north and south pole the like poles repel from each other and opposite poles attract with each other. Magnetism could be useful on a trip to mars to find life because an electric generator could be used to power electrical tools. Since Mars has a north and South Pole like earth a compass could be used to find where we are going. An electromagnet could be used to pick up some of the iron on mars so we could see how much oxygen could have been on mars at some point.

Videos on astronomy

The universe started as a small mass but then exploded with lots of heat and expanded rapidly. Strange particles like quarks and anti quarks along with energy. The energy in the hot expanding universe could collide to make particles and antiparticles and when the anti particles and particles collide to make energy. As the universe cools the molecules like neutrons and electrons form along with anti protons. The particles now make the first nucleus because it is cool enough to make them. Then the electrons start orbiting to create the first atoms.
 * From big bang to galaxies**

The milky way galaxy Has a disc made up of gas and different stars. The bulge in the middle of the galaxy is mad up of stars packed together. the center of our galaxy may have a black hole and gasses. A dwarf galaxy is merging with the milky way right now. our galaxy has 4 spiral arms and mostly made up of hydrogen. Most of the stars we see are those within our own galaxy. Our sun takes about 250 million years to orbit the galaxy.
 * The milky way galaxy**

Stars form in cold gas when other stars exploding emit a blast wave making clumps. The clumps collapse and rotate as gravity pulls them together. As nuclear reactions happen in the clump it becomes hotter and turns hydrogen into helium for fuel. The biggest and hottest stars are a bluish white color and the least hot are red. if a star starts to run out of fuel it will start to shrink and pulsate becoming unstable. Once the iron core in the middle collapses the star explodes causing a supernova. the blast wave from this can go to form new stars. this might happen to our own star in billions of years and that would be bad for humans.
 * Life of a star**

Our sun is a star and is made up of hot hydrogen and helium. The core of our sun can reach 15 million degrees and has gas more dense than iron. The gas in the middle is used to fuel the star and move up and around the star. During a solar flare many atomic particles are flung out towards the earth. the earths magnetic field protects the earth from these particles so they don't slam into the earth. The magnetic field on the sun wraps around the sun and repeats in a cycle of 11 years. The sun is also not full but has spots on it that can be seen but it is not safe.
 * The sun**

The solar system started out with a protosun in the center. As it started to spin gravity pulled solid material and gas into a disk around it. The first planets to form where the gas giants and they also gathered solid material making their rings. Then the terrestrial planets formed like earth and mars. Sometimes asteroids coming into the solar system can become moons when they near bigger planets.
 * History of the solar system**

Rockets have been around for a long time and have developed a lot over the years. Starting with a simple steam powered contraption all the way to giant rockets that can leave earths atmosphere. When the hero rocket was built it simply showed how an object can be moved by gasses traveling out. The Chinese later found this with festive fire sticks. Although it was made for fun at first this idea developed into a weapon used against the Mongols. Who then spread it around Europe. These rockets where later developed by people like Roger Bacon to make modern pyrotechnic weapons like a bazooka.
 * History of rockets**

Later in the years more people developed these rockets like the Germans with their v-2 cruise missile. But soon people realized rockets could be used for the good of mankind like Konstantin Tsiolkovsky thinking about using rockets to explore space and not for weapons. As the liquid rockets developed and organizations where established and put things like Laika and Sputnik into orbit. Today rockets have come a long way and can be used for the military fun and to discover all from an accident of Chinese to modern rockets today.

Wiki 5

nose cone: The nose cone is at the tip of the rocket and cuts through the air. this makes the rocket have less air resistance so it can go higher and faster.

Body Tube: the structure to hold the recovery system and engine

Recovery system: This pat is deployed during the ejection stage and helps the rocket float down slowly using a parachute so the rocket is not damaged upon landing.

Launch lug: This part guides the rocket off the launch pad so it does not fly all over the place. it is slid onto a pole in the middle of the launch pad.

Fins: These help stabilize the rocket and keep it aligned.

Engine: used during the launch stage this part burns combustible material for propulsion ignited by a starter.

Recovery Wadding: This keeps the heat form the engine burning through the recovery system so it does not fail

engine Mount: holds the engine in place so it stays inside the rocket and stable

Rocket observation My hypothesis was true because the rockets with the greatest mass went the lowest and the lightest rockets went the highest. The experiment was to measure the mass of different rockets and see how high they traveled in accordance with their weight. The data of the flights and their weight would be recorded and compared on a chart. The results of the experiment where That rockets with less mass traveled higher and this can be seen clearly on the graph.

I hypothesized that the rockets with less mass would go higher because they had less gravity pulling on them and the rockets with greater mass had more gravity pulling them so they did not go as high. Because the mass of the larger rockets made them go not as high as lighter ones it shows that my hypothesis was correct. this also shows that to optimize height and speed the rocket must be as light as possible.

__** Rover Drop **__ Our drop vehicle started with the egg in the cup. A sheet of bubble wrap was attached and warped around the vehicle to absorb some shock. Popsicle sticks where then attached in a criss-cross pattern on the bottom. A stack of paper towels was then placed on the bottom to make more of a cushion. A rubber band was then put over the cup to hold the egg in place. On top of the whole vehicle a parachute made from copier paper was attached by strings to the bottom of the vehicle completing the dropper. We made most of these to provide cushion on impact and the parachute was implemented to help the vehicle fall slowly and land softly. After the drop our device had failed. Although the vehicle landed on the tennis court and we were able to get it out in time the egg broke. The vehicle landed on the incorrect side that had no protection at all causing it to break into many pieces. A good idea for another drop would be to have cushion on all sides so one is not left vulnerable because if the vehicle flips it would still be able to land safely.

Robot history Early robots may have started in the 18th century where a clockmaker made a boy that could write the clock worker's name. This robot had many moving parts and amazed so many people. This also got some people thinking what they could do with these machines. This led to the creation of other robots like the Asimo robots. In 1986 Hondas set out to make a humanoid robot they first came out with the legs to walk. Later things like heads and body appeared on their robot and then the latest model of Asimo that can walk up stairs and run. Honda hopes to use this program to inspire others to make a greater future with robots. People have not always accepted the idea of robots. Some people even think they may gain conscious and attack us like in the movie Terminator. But people have been lightening up to them as they came more available like now. Things like fur real friends automatic vacuums and even robotic stools have been put in stores and may be the norm for a home. These robots have also been used to explore the farthest reaches of space and deepest places in the ocean. So through the years from the first mechal contraption that inspired them to the assisting helpers we have today robots have come a long way.



Robotics

During the time we used lego mindstorms we programmed the robots to do many actions. The robots where able to go forwards, backwards, and make point and curve turns. The programming system is easy to use and is a drag and drop system so you can put together different commands. with this we where able to complete challenge courses. some where hard because you did not know the perfect distance to go and the degrees turning was confusing at first. We could also use the robot to play a sound or make an image appear on the screen. The main part of the robot is in the center brick cords come out of this to connect to motors. using legos you can mount the motor and make any decoration or motor pattern you like.

Sensors could also be used on the robots. A sensor is a device that can detect distance sound touch and light just like the senses in our body. These could be attached so if something was heard the robot would do an action. the sensors we used where touch sensors, sound sensors, light sensors, and ultrasonic sensors. we used these to complete challenges. These sensors can be used to follow dark areas. stop when sound is heard, back up when it bumps something or detect an object and maneuver around it. These sensors could be connected to the brick to follow a program. it could be programmed to do to do those actions and many more. some of these had to be mounted in different places like the sound sensor that had to be placed high up.



__** Geology on Mars **__

Minerals can be identified in many different ways and are used by geologist to find what things are. Using one of these methods alone can be hard but when they are all put together you are sure to identify the mineral. One of these methods is a streak test this can be done by using a white or black tile to streak a mineral on it and the color varies by the rock you use. You can also use a hardness scale and scratch test. Comparing the hardness of a rock or mineral can help identify it. Also a split test can be done and the way the sample splits can identify it like shale that splits into sheets. Though not a reliable method the color or luster test is the most useful when using all the methods together because the only difference between two minerals could be color or luster. Also magnetism could be used to narrow down a group of minerals.



Curiosity can use these on mars inside its lab doing things a geologist would. For luster some rocks and minerals fluoresce the rover could dig up a sample and shine a UV light to tell between minerals. A normal streak or split test and use sensors to find the way it streaked or split. If a range of materials is collected a magnet could be used to separate rocks into smaller categories so it is easier to identify them Knowing what minerals and rocks are and how they form can help us find water or life on mars and knowing how to identify these rocks and minerals will help us solve the big question if life exists on mars.