Vincent+I

//by: Vincent I.//
** //The Search For Life On Mars// ** = =  **Movie Summaries**

From Big Bang to Galaxies
Many believe that our universe started 15 billion years ago when it exploded out of nothing this was called the big bang. In the beginning the universe was extremely hot and extremely small. But within a couple seconds it was growing quickly. And particles were created. After that the universe grew at a steady rate and it slowly cooled down. The partials soon became helium. About 2 billion years after the big bang galaxies start to form. Our #|galaxy formed when the universe was around 3 billion years old. It started out as a huge sphere of gas and then formed into a galaxy.

Formation of the Planets
The sun started like all stars when gravity pulled together gas. Not much later in what is now the outer solar system 4 very large planets were made these are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. They grew discs of their own which had moons around them. These planets had enough of a gravitational pull to hold onto a think layer of atmospheric gas. But in the inner solar system there were to many collisions for planets to form. But eventually 3 planets formed Venus, Earth, and Mars. Many planets had craters for many years. Venus, Earth, And Mars atmosphere was made by the gas in volcanos. Not long after that plants and life started show on earth.

The Milky Way Galaxy
The milky way is an insiders view of our galaxy. Our sun lies in the disc of he milky way and on the other side of the galactic center are dwarf galaxies. In the central bulge of the galaxy there are mostly red and orange stars. Those stars are older stars compared to the blue ones. In the very center of the center is probably a black hole.

A Brief Rocket #|History There were many rocket experiments before the ones we know of today. For example in the first century A.D the Chinese invented the first real rocket. Which was made out of a type of gunpowder of #|saltpeter,sulfur, and charcoal dust. These rockets were mainly used for religious #|events. It is recorded that the first use of a true rocket was in 1232. During this time the Chinese were at war with the Mongolians. During a battle the Chinese decided to use these simple rockets on the Mongolians. It is thought that the Mongolians made rockets of their own and spread the rockets across Europe. Another rocket experiment was from a Russian #|school teacher named Konstantin Tsoilkosky. He was the one that suggested space exploration by rocket. And by doing this he is called the father of modern astronautics. Later in the early 20th century an American named Robert Goddard. Robert conducted practical experiments in rocketry. Robert was #|interested in a way to achieving higher altitudes than were possible for lighter-than-air balloons.His earliest experiments were with solid-propellant rockets. In 1915, he started to try different types of solid fuels and to measure exhaust velocities. While doing this he started to believe that rockets could be propelled better with liquid gas instead of solid. No one has ever done that before and it proved to be much harder to do but it ended up working. ** Rocket Stages ** media type="custom" key="13888264"

**Exploration Of Mars** The exploration of mars has taken place over many hundreds of years, since it can be spotted by the normal eye. This was helped by the development of the telescope. Many countries have tried to land on mars such as Japan, Russia, and America. Some space probes sent from earth to mars in the 20th century gave a lot more knowledge about mars. Two thirds of all space craft sent to mars don't end up working. The Viking Program launched 2 programs viking 1 and viking 2 which launched on 1975. The program consisted of two launchers and two lander. The Viking orbiters revealed that large floods of water carved deep valleys, eroded grooves into bedrock, and traveled thousands of kilometers. Areas of branched streams, in the southern hemisphere, suggest that rain once fell on the surface of mars. ** My Rocket ** Nose Cone- Guides airflow around the rocket Body Tube- The structural part of the rocket, usually the strong paper tube Recovery System- A device for getting the rocket back safely and intact Recovery Wadding- Protects recovery system from hot ejection gases Launch Lug- guides the rocket safely of the launch pad Fins-Keep the rocket traveling strait Motor Mount- holds the rockets motor in place Rocket Motor- Safe non-reusable device, A new motor is needed for each flight

Rocket Experiment The mass of the rocket did not really appear to effect the altitude because one rocket weighed 50.6 and one weighed 43.9 and they still flew up to 86.9.The purpose of this experiment was to see what rocket could reach the highest altitude with the biggest mass. In this experiment every student had the same rocket then they painted it with different amounts of paint so that gave the rockets different masses. When this was done we all launched in the same direction all the rockets altitude was measured a hundred meters away. The results of this experiment was that most of the rockets flew around 50 to 80 meters. My hypotheses was that our rocket would fly really high because our mass was in the middle but this hypotheses proved to be incorrect.

Rocket Fin Experiment

Most of the rockets that had their fins changed were disappointments compared to how they used to be. For example our rocket before flew up to 43.5 meters before and now it flew up to 3.5 meters. When we launched our rocket it flew up strait but then it turned sideways and started spinning like a foot ball in mid air. Also our rockets recovery system didn't come out when we launched it. The results of this experiment were not the best but every rocket gained some mass and that why they might have been not so great. This here is a graph of how high the rockets flew with their new masses. As you can see there is no relationship between any of these. This here is another graph showing how the number of Fins affect the mass altitude. Robotics History Robotics goes as far back as to ancient myths and legends. Also Western and Eastern civilizations have stories of artificial servants and companions with a long history. Many ancient mythologies include artificial people, such as the mechanical servants built by the Greek god Hephaestus. A likely fake tale is the Iliad which relates to the concept of robotics by stating that the god Hephaestus made talking mechanical handmaidens out of gold. Another myth about robotics is the Jewish legend of Golems which are clay figures that can move one their own.



Some say that early water clocks were the beginning of robotics these water clocks were made in China, also some Chinese accounts relate a history robotics back to the 10th century BC when Yan Shi was credited with making an automaton resembling a human. . Another great robotic was the clepsydra was made in 250 BC by Ctesibius of Alexandria, a physicist and inventor from Ptolemaic Egypt.

NXT Robotic Movements There are many things that the NXT robots can do. For example they can move and make sound. Theoretically if both of the motors turn forward at the same pace then the robot should go forward. Or if both the wheels turn backwards at the same pace then they should go backwards. Lastly if one wheel turns right and the other doesn't spin at all that would make the robot turn left and that would be a point turn. These operations all sound pretty easy but they are not. Lets say that you want your robot to move forward then you would have to drag a motion block. Then after that you would have to click the button telling what direction you want and for how long you want it to move in this one direction for. As you can tell programming these robots is not the most simple thing to do. media type="file" key="sps_drivingchallenge2.AVI" width="300" height="300" Identifying Minerals There are many ways for us to identify which mineral is which on earth. One way is to put a magnet near them to see if they are magnetic or not, this is helpful because not many minerals are magnetic. Another way to identify minerals to use the streak test, which is when you use porcelain to find out what color powders the mineral has. Lastly a really helpful one is to see if the mineral has lust which is how affectively light shines through a mineral. On mars it is thought that mars got water and key chemical building blocks to come together to make the simplest forms of life. That is the reason the curiosity is going to mars, so NASA can see if mars had ever had life on it. That is a pretty big job so the mars rover needs its own mini laboratory in it which makes it the size of a car. One of the tools the curiosity has is a drill and its purpose is to drill into a rock and the powder that comes from the rock would go inside the robot. When this happens the curiosity gets information about the rock from the powder it takes. At the end of the rovers journey it would have taken to places in mars to places we have never been able to go before. Life on Mars There are many things that define what is a living object and what is a non-living object. Below are all the requirements that a living things needs to have. Characteristic 1 states that an object that is observed must be made out of cells. There are two major cells that living things have they are animal cells and plant cells. Animal cells are shaped circular and plant cells are cube like. If the object you are observing has either of these types of cells then it might be living. Characteristic 2 states that an object that is being observed must need materials. All this means is that the object you are observing needs certain materials to sustain life. For example humans need water and food to take in. Also another example is like how plants need water and sun to take in. Characteristic 3 states that an object that is being observed must be homeostatic. This means that the object has to be the same on inside all the time. Or the object tries to stay the same on the inside. For example humans get fevers when the body heats up to try to get rid of the bacteria. This is because it is trying to keep our body the same on the inside. Characteristic 4 states that an object the is being observed must respond to stimuli. A stimulus is any thing that causes living things to react. There are 2 types of responses to a stimuli positive moves towards stimulus but a (negative moves away from stimulus). What this is saying is that a object must react to what is around it. Characteristic 5 states that an object that is being observed must be able to reproduce. This means that the object must be able to make a somewhat similar copy of its self or of its own kind. There are two types of reproduction Sexual reproduction which takes 2 parents or Asexual reproduction which only takes 1 parent. Characteristic 6 states that an object that is being observed must be able to grow. This is pretty simple but this is stating that the all things grow to a more simple or higher form. Also all things do not grow at the same speed. Characteristic 7 states an object that is being observed must be able to adapt. Which means that the object must be able to change to be able to live in their current environment. Characteristic 8 states an object that is being observed must show respiration. This means that the object must release energy stored in chemical bonds. For example after we eat we have to release our food that we took in. Scientist have used many methods to determine if there is life of this planet. One method they used was that they sent probes to mars and made them pick up some dirt and put some water and other chemicals on it to see if it would take in the materials around it, this experiment turned out somewhat positive. But the other controlled experiment did not work for example one experiment was that they heated the mars soil to see if it would adapt. As you can see scientist have been working long and hard to find life on mars.
 * 1) Made Of Cells
 * 2) Need Materials
 * 3) Homeostatic
 * 4) Respond to stimuli
 * 5) Reproduce
 * 6) Grow
 * 7) Adapted
 * 8) Respiration