Jack+S

= //__The search for life on mars__// = BY: Jack S

From the big bang to galaxies.

=__ The B ig Bang __=

The universe started out one tiny little particle but in the big bang it started the process of becoming what it is today. It took billions of years to make galaxies but in an instant their was suddenly massive amounts of energy. In the beginning partials were small and simple their was energy quarks and anti quarks. As the universe cooled larger particles started to form protons neutrons electrons anti protons anti neutrons and anti electrons. Then those particles began to form the lesser atoms like hydrogen and helium. Then the gas began to come together and form large clouds which started making stars and galaxies. The galaxies formed lots of shapes spirals twists balls and plates. It formed three kinds Spiral Elliptical and Irregular. While in the earlier life of the universe most of the work was done the big bang is still going on and we are part of it.

__**The Milky Way Galaxy**__
What we know about our own galaxy is limited because we are inside of it and have not managed to get a probe outside, yet. But we can Se the outer layer of our galaxy which is a glowing disk made of stars and rubble. At the center of our solar system there is a large bulge which scientists believe to be a black hole. On the outside of our galaxy there are super massive stars that were created as the gas and dust were coming together to form the galaxy. Because the area of our galaxy is so large the gravity cant pull on everything and the same time with the same amount of pull so instead there are waves of gravity called gravity arms where matter is picked up and placed back where it was. Most things travel opposite the gravity arms.

**__The History of Our Solar System__**
Most all planets and other bodies out in space are formed by gravity which is one of the four fundamental forces of nature. When gravity pulls in all that gas and dust and rocks it forms planetary bodies. In the early stages of our solar system 4 gaseous giant planets formed Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune, and Saturn these in turn formed their own disks and out of those disks moon formed. Nearer to the sun there were too many collisions to form large planets but after it calmed down a bit the four terrestrial planets formed Mars Mercury Venus and Earth. Their insides were heated by a constant bombardment of comets and asteroids which caused the metal to go to the middle and the lighter rock went to the top. But after a while it began to cool and form the shape they are today. The moon was probably caused by a catastrophic collision between earth and a planet the size of mars. In the beginning the moons were cratered by asteroids but after a few million year most of the planetecibles had been destroyed in a collision flung out of the solar system by Jupiter or had settled into the asteroid belt between mars and Jupiter. A few were captured as moons. Mars Venus and Earth acquired their atmosphere from gasses blown out of volcanoes. The oxygen that earth has is from plants breaking down carbon dioxide. While impacts are not as common now as they were in the beginning of the solar system they collided with the earth a couple of million years ago almost certainly killing off the dinosaurs.

From the first rockets that were made from fire and water like the Hero Engine to rockets now like shuttles and satellites. And now what would have only been reserved for geniuses and war lords cam be bought at hobby shops at you local mall. The real beginning of rockets was when Hero of Alexandria created the hero machine as shown in the picture below. The hero engine demonstrates rocket properties thrust. The fire heats up the metal which in turn makes the water boil and creates steam. The steam then goes up into the ball which then comes out the arms making the ball spin creating thrust. Near 1232 ad the Chinese developed the first rocket using gun powder. This "gunpowder" was made of sulfur, charcoal, and saltpeter. The Chinese people stuffed the gunpowder into bamboo and shot them of {like modern fireworks} at celebrations. As the gun powder became more refined it began being used for war. People started firing rockets at the other armies, not as much for damage and kill count but more for just the pure panic that having a rocket fly towards you causes. The Mongols then created their own rocket which is the cause of the spread of rockets around Europe and Asia. Jean Froissart created a more torpedo like rocket that could be shot from the shoulder, this was the predecessor to the bazooka. Up until now all rockets had been used for war or celebration.



In 1898, a Russian schoolteacher, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky first thought of the idea of using rockets for space exploration. He proposed the idea of liquid fuels and stated that the speed and range of the rocket was only limited by the exhaust velocity. Tsiolkovsky has been called the father of modern astronautics. Robert Godard interested in a way of achieving higher altitudes than were possible for lighter-than-air balloons. Goddard's earliest experiments were with solid-propellant rockets. Goddard became convinced that a rocket could be propelled better by liquid fuel. It was a mu ch more difficult task than building solid- propellant rockets. In spite of the difficulties, Goddard achieved the first successful flight with a liquid- propellant rocket on March 16, 1926. Fueled by liquid oxygen and gasoline, the rocket flew for only two and a half seconds, climbed 12.5 meters, and landed 56 meters away in a cabbage patch. Goddard's gasoline rocket was the forerunner of a whole new era in rocket flight. He is called the father of modern rocketry. Germany developed the " V-2" rocket using Goddard's liquid fuel idea. It used a ton of fuel every 7 seconds but it could devastate an entire city block it was invented to late to win the war but when the allies won they looted the German rocket program and got the plans For the V-2 and another rocket that could go across the ocean and attack America. On October 4, 1957 the world was surprised to find out that Russia had launched a satellite into space. A few months later Russia launched a dog into space which survived for seven days. From the hero machine to putting a man on the moon Rockets have opened the final frontier.

This is where i found the components of gunpowder []

Spider Pig Rocket Stages media type="custom" key="13889824"

==Over the last 40 years there have been space missions with the goal of exploring Mars. Three of these missions include Mars Global Surveyor (MGS), the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter or (MRO), and the Phoenix Mars Lander or (PML).== ==The MRO was a multipurpose spacecraft designed to conduct research and exploration of Mars from orbit. The MGS was the first successful United States mission to mars and returned more data than all previous missions combined. The PML Returned more than 25 gigabits of data and helped us more understand the composition and water content of mars. We have learned a great deal through probes and landers but until we send people, up their we have barely scratched the surface.==

Rocket Parts

Nose cone- guides airflow around rocket Body tubing- main structual part Recovery system- device for getting the rocket back safely designed for repeat uses recovery wadding- protects the recovery system from the ejection gasses launch lug- guides rocket straight of the launch pad fins- keep rocket flying straight motor mount-holds rocket motor in place rocket motor- Safe non reusable device that powers the rocket up a new motor is needed for each flight.

Results summary In our rocket experiment in science we first gathered the materials which consisted of; a launch lug body tube recovery wadding recovery packet nose cone parachute and strings and the engine and motor clip and lots of other things. Second we widened the green engine holder with the nose cone then we put the blue tube inside the green tube. Third, we in the engine hook. Fourth we put it all in the body tube. After the we attacked the shock cord and the parachute to the nose cone and put all that into the body tube. Sixth we put on the three fins. Then we painted it put the engine it and launched it. The purpose of the experiment was to find if mass effected the altitude of the rocket so during the building process we all built our rockets the same but changed how we painted them. When we launched the we found that the rockets closest to 45 grams flew the highest. One rocket flew much higher than all the others but we have ruled that one out as an outlier. We hypothesized that our rocket would fly straight up but not as far as the others because it was so light. Our rocket was the only one that’s parachute didn’t come off. It flew straight up a little higher than we expected and as it reached apogee it began to turn like th others did put the parachute didn’t come off. We all began screaming IT’S A DART IT’S A DART. It then came down very fast but far to the left it then crashed straight into the ground without losing any ins but stood straight up.

Rocket Fin Experiment The results of the experiment were inconclusive, the number of fins had almost nothing to do with the altitude it was more the design of the fins. The mass of the rocket though as it did last time affected the rockets and the highest altitude fell around 45 grams as before. There were many types of modified rockets but the one that worked best was one with straight triangle sanded fins that came right of the bottom. The one that for the worst was one with 18 fins all over with an attempt for stability. Our rocket didn’t fly well, our hypothesis was that the funnel design on the end of the rocket would create a funnel affect and speed up the exhaust. When we got to the launch pad kept the mettle rod from going in the launch lug so we had to take one off. When we fired it it whent very fast using the funnel affect I had intended but because of the missing fin it suddenly turned and crashed into the hill and then it blew its engine out the back ROBOT HISTORY There has not been a robot history made because we are the albert Einstein's of robots we are inventing them now so we are not writing a history. But, now that we have made substantial progress in the field of robotics I feel that a history needs to be written. There are three prominent time sections in robots history when the thought of roots first crossed the minds of humans, when the industrial robot time began the time when robots first began preforming tasks and when robots first began to take a humanoid form and preform tasks a human would do. The first robot made was in 270 BC when Ctesibius, a Greek physicist and inventor makes organs and water clocks with movable figures. The first real robot that wasn’t just moving parts was made in 1495, by Leonardo da Vinci called the anthrobot, a mechanical man. The next big advancement in robotics history was in 1890 when Nikola Tesla designed the first remote control vehicle. In 1954: The first programmable robot was designed by George Devol. The next large advancement was in 1960: The General Electric Walking Truck was a 3,000 pound, four-legged robot that could walk four miles an hour. It was powered by a computer. Ralph Moser developed the machine. In 1983 the Remote Reconnaissance Vehicle became the first vehicle to enter the basement of Three Mile Island after a meltdown in March 1979, it was one of the first vehicles to be able to drive in unknown terrain without much aid from humans. In 2000 the first robot dogs were created the could run jump and wag their tails. The most recent advancement in robotics was in 2004 when the first humanoid that could complete a task called Robosapien it was created by US robotics physicist and BEAM expert, Dr. Mark W Tilden. In this history I have given an overview of all the major advancements in the wonderful world of robotics.

Driving the robot

Driving a driving a robot is kinduv like a computer game but with a relation to real life. The controls are; Forward, which is where both motors turn at the same speed in a forward direction. Backwards, which is where both motors turn at the same speed in a backwards direction. Point turn, which is where one wheel turns and the other stops, this causes it to turn without any other motion. Finally Curve turn, which is where the two wheels spin at different speeds causes the robot to turn while still moving. Some of the challenges of using a robot motor are that; the motor i very exact and it does exactly what you tell it to, this may sound good but, there is no leeway in the command and you have to get it perfect for the robot to work.

media type="file" key="JL ROBOT SQUARE.AVI" width="300" height="300"

GEOLOGY ON EARTH Geology on earth is done by using physical properties and sometimes chemical properties. Pysicals are properties that can be identified without changing the composition of the object, chemical properties are where you do something to change the properties of the object. Some physical properties are luster, hardness, taste, texture, color, and streak. Some chemical properties are if it burns, if it bubbles, and if it blows up. You can observe these things by scratching the rock/mineral on a streak plate, lighting it with fire, putting hydrochloric acid on it, or observing the light refraction.

GEOLOGY ON MARS Geology on mars is done by lots more chemical properties than physical properties. It is done that this because so far a robot has not been made that can taste things. There are 10 tools aboard the Curiosity including; SAM, mastcam, CheMin, DAN, REMS, RAD, MARDI, SMS, QMS, and the GC. All of these tools preform a task that will help the rocket do its. The rocket will identify the elements and minerals using a super microscope to see the makeup of the rock/mineral/element.



CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE

There are 8 characteristics of life, and something is only alive if it has all 8. The first characteristic is that it is made of cells. Being made of cells mean that your body is made from the smallest living form of life, and not some rock or mineral or gas. The second characteristic is that living things need materials or food around them to grow and live. The third characteristic is that every living thing is homeostatic. Being homeostatic means that the living being makes a constant effort to keep what is inside them the same. The fourth characteristic is that every living thing responds to stimuli. Responding to stimuli means you can react to things, and some examples of this are; cacti that follow the water, a bug that runs when it sees your foot, or a human screaming when scared. The fifth characteristic is that every living thing can reproduce. Being able to reproduce means you are able to have children, or copies of yourself, without being able to reproduce the race would die out. A few ways things reproduce are mating, laying eggs them having them fertilized, and budding. The sixth characteristic is that all living things grow. Being able to grow means you start out as a smaller or simpler life form and grow to be or more complex. Some examples of that are; a human Goes through the stages of infancy, childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, adulthood and old age, also a Charizard goes from a Charmander to a Charmeleon to a Charizard. The seventh characteristic of life is that all living things are adapted. Being adapted means you have changed to fit your eviroment. Some examples are: birds have wings to fly, humans have two legs to walk, and Charizard has large fangs and wings to better suit battling. The final characteristic of every living thing is resperation. To respire is being able to take materials and/or foods and break them down into energy.

HOW TO FIND ON OTHER PLANETS ==One way to find life on other planets is to Take soul from the planet and mix it with a drop of water and see if anything happens. Another way to find life on a nother planet is to heat the soil samples and see if they react. Also a nother way is to isolate something in the dark for a long period of time, to see if that thing depended on sunlight. Another way is to find if there is a Circadian rhythm which is the enternal clock every living thing has. Some evidence on mars for this is that the radiation levels vary depending on what time of the day it is.==