Callie+C

=The Search for Life on Mars=

** From Big Bang to Galaxies **
===The Big Bang was something I enjoyed learning about. The universe's expansion was at a steady rate. The temperature gradually fell. Soon the protons and neutrons were forming and matter and antimatter particles started to be created by radiation. After one second the temperature fell to one billion degrees. A quarter of protons and neutrons combined making helium nucleus. The universe continued to expand and the temperature continued to fall. Electrons soon are attached to atoms and the fog is gone. The first hints of structure in the universe will appear.===

** The Milky Way Galaxy **
===The milky way galaxy arches across the sky. The light of the milky way comes from huge number of individual stars and the dark patches are clouds of dust. There is a flat disc of stars across and a thinner layer of gas and dust cuts across the disc. In the center there is a large flattened bulge. The sun lies in the disc and takes two hundred fifty million years to go around once at two hundred five kilometers per second. The nucleus is probably a black hole surrounded by dark clouds and a disc of dust. The whole galaxy is turning all the time. Right now the galaxy might be five times bigger than it appears.===

** Lives on Stars **
===I have learned a lot about stars in the video I watched. Stars form in cold dark clouds of gas and dust in space. A blast wave from an exploding star ripples through the gas causing clumps or cores to form. Each core contracts as gravity pulls it together during this the core rotates. The temperature at the gets hot enough for a nuclear reaction to start. The star spins fast as it shrinks down and soon flattens into a disc. Soon the star settles down to a period without much change. Hydrogen to helium supplies a huge amount of nuclear energy in the star. A star is four times heavier and one thousand times brighter than the sun!===

** The Sun **
===The sun is a star that is no different from any star in the night sky except that it is much closer. The sun is simply a ball of hot gas that mass is seventy-six percent hydrogen and most of the rest is helium. The temperature in the corona is millions of degrees and in the center of the sun it is fifteen million degrees. Every second four million tons of hydrogen vanish and generate the suns energy. Sun spots appear in pair or group, but the individuals last a few weeks at most. They appear close to the equator. The earths magnetic field funnels particles from the sun downwards near the north and south poles. The sun's magnetic field is five times stronger than the earths. The sun spins about once a month.===

** History of the Solar System **
===I never knew a lot about the solar system until I watched this video and I really liked it. In the disc solid material started to collect larger particles. Some survived, but far from the sun. In the outer solar system four masses had formed. These became giant planets. Those planets are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. They grew discs of their own and moons condensed.===

= Many Predictions with The Hubble Deep Field Academy =

===In the orientation the questions we asked were very similar to the astronomers. One question that was similar was how many objects were in the picture. In the image there was about 3000 objects. There were different types of galaxies like irregular, stars, and swirled. The astronomers can estimate distance because the closer, smaller objects admit more light than the other ones. The color indicates the color of the star and how big they are. The shape indicates if the galaxy is spiral, elliptical, or irregular. The astronomers use a process to estimate the numbers of galaxies in the universe. The process is to divide the sections and then count what is in each section, finally multiply.===

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=**__ Rocket History __**= ===Rockets are remarkable collections of human ingenuity that have their roots in the science and technology of the past. In the early years one of the first devices to successfully employ the principles essential to rocket flight was a rocket-like device called an aeolipile. The first rocket was made by Hero of Alexandria around 100 B.C. It happened by a fire below the kettle turned the water into steam, and the gas traveled through pipes to the sphere. Two tubes that were L shaped on opposite sides of the sphere allowed gas to escape. The picture below is the process of what was happening.===

[[image:ca-science7/rocket history.gif width="165" height="203"]]
===The true rocket was born when the Chinese began experimenting with the gunpowder-filled tubes. Later they attches bamboo tubes to arrows and launched them with bows. Later the Chinese discovered that the gunpowder tubes could launch themselves by only the power produces by the gas escaping. The photo under are the Chinese fire arrows. Another person who Konstantin Tsiolkovsky contributed a lot to modern rocketry. He proposed the space exploration by rocket. He suggested the use of liquid propellants for rockets in a report and it was published in 1903. He also stated thatt the range and speed of a rocket were limited only by the exhaust velocity of escaping gas. For his careful research, ideas, and great visions, he has been called the father of modern astonautics.===



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=Model Rocket Labeled Parts=



=Rocket Experiment=

The purpose of this experiment was to see if the was of the rocket effected the maximum altitude during lift off. My lab partner and I made a rocket out of a kit. We then painted the rocket, so it was then a different mass. Next we were ready for lift off! We put the rocket on the launch pad and pushed down to buttons. Then we saw smoke on the grass and heard a loud noise. The rocket flew super high in the air and then when it was at the top the parachute came out. After the rocket slowly made its way to the ground with a nice landing. The rocket went 82.4 meters when the mass was 46.9. Our hypothesis was correct because the our rocket weighed more than a lot of the rockets and it went the second highest. We used the Trundle wheel for the distance to measure the maximum altitude. We had to walk and stop it when it was at 100 clicks. We did 100 times the tan of 39.5.

Our rocket flew very well. I think the painting of the rocket effected the flight because we had more paint than many people and we got higher than many people. We used directions for most of our rocket to build it. When it was in the air the apogee worked very well. I don't know how we could've done better because I think our rocket overall turned out really well.

= Mars rover drop =

=== My lab partner and I designed a mars rover drop with few materials. We used very good materials that protected our egg from cracking. We had to make sure when the egg fell there would be lots of cushion, so it wouldn’t crack. We put a lot of bubble wrap over it to make sure it wouldn’t fall. We also had to make sure it didn’t just fall on the ground, it has to drop slowly, so we decided to make a parachute. The parachute was made out of paper towels and paper taped together. We first tried it with all paper towels and it didn’t work well at all, so we knew we had to put in regular paper. The parachute was a great idea because it fell very slowly and gently. If I made any changes I would probably put more tape on the parachute because we thought it was going to rip. ===

=** Robot Programming **= Motors can be functioned to move a Mindstorms robot. There are many options that can be chosen to move the robot. The programmer can control the direction, how far it goes, how long it waits, and more. The controller or programmer can make the robot do all these things, but sometimes it was difficult to go exactly the right way or make the perfect turn.

We used a lot of different sensors. There are sound, ultrasonic, light, and touch sensors. The sound sensor can detect both decibels (dB) and adjusted decibels (dBA). A decibel is a measurement of sound pressure. The ultrasonic sensor makes the robot have vision. The light sensor makes the robot know whether it is light or dark. And finally the touch sensor makes you robot have the ability to touch. All these sensors are extremely important in controlling your robot.



=Geology on Mars= ===Mineralscan be identified in many ways. Minerals are distinguished from each other by their physical properties such as color, luster, hardness, streak, magnetism, light refraction, and taste. Some minerals have particular reactions such as effervescence to common chemicals. In our lab we did 8 different ways to identify minerals and rocks. The first thing we did was finding if four things were rocks or minerals. We took a magnifying glass to look at the samples and we found many reasons if something was a mineral or a rock. The minerals were made up of one color and texture, while rocks were variations of the two. The second stations was color and luster and we observes and recorded the color and appearance of each of the samples, then compared it to the mineral and rock kit. In station 3 we were using hardness to see which rock or mineral would scratch the object based of a chart. Next was streak and streak is one tool that geologists use to determine the identity of a mineral. We scratched the different minerals on to a plate and observed. You can see we used many different ways to identify minerals and rocks!===

===Curiosity is a Mars rover that is identifying different rocks and minerals on Mars. The rover has a drill that is about a centimeter in the diameter and the people would instruct the rover to drill in the rock. The powder that comes out of that would then go back into Curiosity. This powder would then be split and the powder would be analyzed and that would give them information on the neurology. On earth geologist use things like compasses, rock hammer, and hand ledges to explore the environment and study the rocks. They might even do an acid test to see what the rocks are made of. They have a laser called Kem Can and it will be able to look at rocks along the walls or positions they can't reach or get to.=== ==

=Characteristics of Life= = = ===There are lots of characteristics of life. One is it is made of cells which are the fundamental units of living things. Living things need materials like water, minerals, and air. Homeostatic is internally living things stay about the same despite environmental changes. Living things respond to stimuli which is anything that causes living things to react. Plants and animals reproduce in a variety of ways one is sexual reproduction (two parents) and another is asexual reproduction (one parent). All things develop from a lower or simpler to a high or more complex form embryo -> newborn -> child -> adolescent -> adult and this is growth. Living things are adapted which means modification that make an organism suited to its way of life. Finally living things have respiration and that is releasing energy stored in the chemical bonds of sugars.===

Figure 1: Reproduction of plants

=== Early observers mostly were concerned with intelligent life. Now the focus is on life’s origin, limits to their survival, and microbial communities. You can discover life on other planets with scientific methods. For example a group of scientists found evidence of life in a Martine meteorite. They found it by using microscope imagery and from that they saw bacteria, detection of hydrocarbons, mineral assemblages, and magnetic particles similar to those produced by some terrestrial bacteria. ===

Figure 2: Mars (trying to find life)