Katie+D

= The Search for life on Mars =

from big bang to galaxies
= Did you know that the universe began over 15 billion years ago! The universe started out as the size of an atom and then blew up to the size of what the universe is today. The temperature would drop of the creation of the universe, initiation takes over particle creation. When the temperature drops to the 3 minute mark of the universe being created the protons and the neutrons are formed together to make helium nucleus. Our galaxy was created when the universe was 3 billion years old, it started as a sphere of gas. Galaxies are classed according to their shapes such as elliptical, spiral, irregular =

The Milky Way Galaxy
= Milky ways are made up of clumped stars and dark pig dust. The Milky Way is the outer part of our galaxy, It is about 25,000 light years long and 1,000-2,000 light years thick. It is shaped as a disk, Under the Milky Way is a thin layer of gas and dust. In the middle of the milky way is a circular buldge. The middle of the Galaxy is called a galactic center, the sun is directly across from it and on the other side is a dwarf galaxy that forms into the milky way. In the buldge (galactic center) is a tiny orange and yellow old stars packed tightly. =

Lives of the stars
= Stars are formed inside of cold clouds made of dust and gas, The biggest stars are blueish white. Bigger stars form faster than smaller stars. If anything happens to a star in its life time the mass of the stars fix what happened to the star. The surface temperature of the star is about 40,000 degrees. Stars shine about 1,000,000 times more than the sun. =

== The sun is a star it is no different than any other star in the galaxy, except it is closer to earths surface. The sun is a giant ball of gas, it is 76% hydrogen and the rest is helium. The power house of the sun is deep down in the center of the sun and it is over 15 million degrees. The gas in the sun is 20 times denser than iron. Hydrogen Nuclei (singled protons) crash hard together and build up into Helium Nuclei. Every second millions of hydrogen vanish from the suns energy, the energy radiates to the outer core. ==

= = = The history of the solar system =

= The sun is like all stars formed when gravity is pulled together from a cloud of stellar gas and dust and then formed into a disk. What is now the outer of the solar system forms very massive planet such as Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. The plants grow disks of their own. In the inner solar system the four teristeral planets emerged and became Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. =


 * Hubble Deep Field**

In the Orientation we had to read an article about the Hubble Deep Field. It talked about basic information about it. Then we asked questions about the reading and then they were compared to Astronomers questions about the Hubble Deep Field. Some of the astronomer’s questions consists of How many objects are in the Hubble Deep Field, How can the objects be classified and also identified, and How far away are the objects. Some of these questions related to the questions I asked but 2 of them were completely different than the astronomer’s.
 * Orientation**

In level one of the Hubble Deep Field activities you estimated how many objects you think is in the Whole Hubble deep field. I estimated 80,000,000 objects, then you looked at a section of the HDF and then estimated how many objects were in that section. I estimated that there were 2,890 objects in that section, then the real answers were given. In the section of the HDF I estimated it was 3,000 then in the Whole Universe/HDF there are over 50-100 million objects!
 * Level 1**


 * Level 2**

In level 2 you had to pick a section of a picture of the universe. Then you would classify the different objects in columns that you think that’s where they belonged. Then the astronomers answers were compared to mine. The astronomer and I had some answers in common such as 5, 15, 14 these were classified in the blue irregular galaxy group. Then we had some answers that were not in common such as 12, 4, 11 and they were classified in the white elliptical galaxy group.

In level 3 we had to estimate how far we thought the objects were from us. Some of the estimates that I made were correct and some of them were quite off from the astronomers. I think that the astronomers can estimate the objects in the universe very well. I think they can estimate them well because they have had lots of experience with them and they know that some of the objects might look closer than some but they are actually further away.
 * Level 3**

In level for was all about your understanding of the HDF and there were Review Questions about the HDF. One of the questions was What does the color indicate of the galaxy? It indicates how bright the stars are. Another was What is the process used by the astronomers to estimate the number of galaxies in the universe? The astronomers take sections of the universe and they estimate on how many galaxies are there and then they count how many galaxies are actually there.
 * Level 4**



Rocket History In the early history of the rocket history the first Aeopiline device that helped the first flight of a rocket at the time 100 B.C. The Greek inventor Hero invented the steam engine for gas. The steam engine was a sphere on top of a water kettle. It is attached to a water bowl and it takes up the water and it is turned into steam. The water bowl is on top of a fire that makes the water turn into steam. That is how the steam was produced. Another invention was in 1898 by a Russian schoolteacher named Konstantin Tsiolkovsky he had came up with the idea of the exploration of a rocket. He then came up with the idea to use liquid in the propellents of the rockets so that the rocket can reach a certain range. He was then named the father of modern astronautics. An American inventor named Robert H. Goddard he came up with practical experiments in rocketry. He wanted to achieve the highest altitude, his first experiments had to do with solid-prepellent rockets. He then tried different solid fuels while he was working on his solid preppellent rockets. He figured out that liquid gases worked better. Goddard was the first man to build a rocket that was powered by liquid gas. On March 16, 1926 his rocket successfully took off with liquid prepellant gas! Goddard then was determined to make bigger and better rockets! His liquid - propellent rockets flew higher and longer! He also invented the gyroscope system and that became very popular. In Germany rockets were used a lot! They were used during WWI and WW2. The V2 rocket was then invented and the Germans used it against London/Great Britain during WW2. The V2 rocket is much smaller than today's rockets. When Germany went down some of their allied enemies took over their rockets. Then the German scientist who created the V2 rockets travelled to America and the Soviet Union they were amazed at Goddard's inventions. They both teamed up and realized that they could use these idea's from Goddard for Military weapons. Then a couple years later everyone was stunned that the Soviet Union had launched a artificial satillite that orbited around the moon. It was called Sputnik. Then about a month later they sent out another satillite that had a dog on board. The dogs name was Laika but she only survived 7 days before there was not enough oxygen left for her to live. The Americans then followed up with their own satillite, then more and more satillites were launched into space. The history of Rockets is very interesting on how it started.





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**Rocket** == = = =We spent a couple days making the rocket. It took only a couple days to put it together though. We decorated our rockets with paint, and my lab partner and I decided to completely cover ours with many different colors. This resulted with it being the heaviest in the class. After the rockets were completed we headed outside to launch them. The launching process took a couple days because we had so many rockets.= = = =To launch our rockets, we placed them on a launch pad. We had a controller connected with two red wires with clips at the end of them. We connected those clips to the bottom of our rockets. We pressed the button on the controller and the rocket launched. It went straight into the air, and then did loops.= = = =On the other side of the field, were people measuring the angle of the rocket when it reached it's highest point. They used a trundle wheel to get 100 clicks away, which was where the rocket was supposed to land.= = = =We used trigonometry to calculate the altitude of our rocket.=

= Lego Mindstorms = = How the Lego Mindstorms programming works is you connect the mindstorm to your tablet and make a sequence of movements on the program on your computer and then download it to the mindstorm. The mindstorm would then preform the movements that you have commanded it to do. The motor's are what tell the mindstorm what to do, it controls the direction and movement. Some of the challenges were drive in a square, point turn, and reverse. The senser's are object's that sense sound, touch, distance,Light. They can detect how the robot can preform. The Sound can helpt it either move forwards or backwords by making a a loud sound. The touch is when you touch the object and it would move in different direction. The distance would detect the distance from something and then move where ever it was. Light is the last sensor and it moves on detecting the light. = = =

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=Mars Science Laboratory=

The geologist
The Geologists go to a evaporated river bank that is filled with rocks and minerals and try to find unknown rocks or minerals. Geologist sends out a rover on mars and the rover collects information on different rocks and minerals. The information the rover finds then goes back to the geologist. The geologist use lots of tools to identify minerals such as compasses, rock hammers, hand lenses. The Geologists use the hand lenses to look closely at the mineral and identify what kind of Mineral it is. Also the Geologist Uses chemicals to identify what the rocks are made of.



Mars Rover

The Mars rover preforms experiments on Mars such as copying what humans do to identify and find minerals and rocks. The rover is used to find rocks in hard to reach places, the rover can travel over 20 kilometers. The rover finds a rock and uses a drill that is installed in the rover. It then is instructed by the Geologist to drill a hole in the rock/mineral. The powder from the rock comes out and goes right back into the rover. The rover would then analyze the data from the powder, it would then be able to tell if there was organic molecules in it or not. Inside of the mars rover it has a laboratory and it helps identify the rocks and minerals. The rover has a laser called a Chem Cam, when the laser is shot the light is looked at that was reflected and they can find out what the chemical composition is. Some of these rocks are unable to be touched and that's why they use the Chem cam.



**Mars rover (Curiosity) looking a rock**
=The characteristics of life= There are 8 characteristics of life! If the object is made of cells, If it needs materials, If it is Homeostatic, If it responds to stimuli, If it reproduces, if it grows, If it adapts to its environment, and last but not least if it makes respiration.

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Cells are the fundamental units of living things! There are different types of cells such as Animal Cells, plant cells, Bacteria cells. These cells are organized in tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms. All living things need 3 things to live! Water, Minerals, and Air. Living things have to be Homeostatic. Which means they have to stay the same in environmental changes. Humans go through homeostasis through temperature, excretion, and repair. In order to be a living thing you have to respond to stimuli. Stimulus is anything that causes living things to react. There are two responses a negative response and a positive response. The Positive response moves towards the stimulus and the negative response moves away from the stimulus. Living things need to reproduce, Reproduction is the process which organisms produce offspring of their own kind. Animals and plants reproduce in all different kinds of ways, such as Sexual reproduction (2 plants or animals) and Asexual which is (one plant or animal). Lastly a living thing need to grow! All things develop from a lower or simpler to a higher or more complex form. For example ( Embryo ---> Newborn > Child > adolescent ---> adult). These are the characteristics of a living thing! =====

=The detecting of life on a different planet=

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They are lots and lots of ways to detect if something can live on a different. The labeled release experiment is one example of many others. Label release also is called LR.The LR experiment is simply when soil is picked up from the ground on the different planets and you mix it with a special water with nutrients and radioactive carbon atoms. If the soil has microbes inside of it the different living things inside of it will form nutrients. After that the planets soil will release gases like methane gas and carbon dioxide. That's how you can tell if something can live on a different planet! =====





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