Michael+C

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The Search for life on mars by Michael C

From the big bang to galaxies : Our universe was formed by the big bang. The big bang was explosion which created the universe. Within less than a second the universe had gotten from the size of and atom the size of our earth. The universe grew at a steady rate for many years and also got cooler as time pasted. After many years other galaxy’s started to form inside the universe. In early years the galaxies were much closer together. So it was not uncommon for galaxy’s to collide and form into one galaxy. Some day our galaxy will collide and form with the Andromeda galaxy.

In the Milky Way there is a disc that is made up of blue young stars. Inside the disc is the sun and on the other side of the disc is a galaxy of dwarf planets forming. Inside the big part of Milky Way is a cluster of red and yellow stars these stars are old. These stars are packed thousands of time closer than the young blue stars near the sun. 5 lights year in the center of the bulge is the nucleus. The nucleus is made up of a giant black whole which is surrounded by even more gas. The galaxy is always moving. But not all over the place each star and gas __cloud__ is in its own orbit. The sun takes 250,000 years to go around all of the Milky Way traveling at 200 kilometers per second. The matter arms are were the matter particles come together. Our Milky Way is surrounded by a huge corona. The galaxy is 5 times bigger than it appears. History of the Solar System: The sun like all stars was formed when it pulled together gas. The ball collapsed into a thin disc with a small little ball in the center. This formed about 4 ½ billion years ago. Inside the disc is a solid material that formed and formed into bigger and bigger particles. These particles formed and created clumps. These clumps are known as planitcmals. Far from the sun where it is much colder icy planitcmals survived

Rocket History

One of the first devices to successfully fly like a rocket was called an aeolipile. The rocket worked by steam as a propulsive gas. This __invention__ looked nothing like our rockets today but It was a __start__. It is unknown when the first rockets were created but it was thought that in the first century, the Chinese reportedly had a simple form of gunpowder made from saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal dust. This would create explosions during festivals and other big ceremonies. The fuse to these explosions were gunpowder was put into bamboo sticks and toasted into fires.

The date reporting the first use of true rockets was in 1232. The rocket first really used in the Chinese Mongol war. The rockets were a huge advantage for the Chinese Warriors. The Mongols soon created Rockets of there own and it was told that this spread rockets into Europe. Jean Froissart found that a better and more accurate way to shot rockets was by launching them through tubes. Froissart's __idea__ was the main design for todays Bazooka. In 1915 it was found that liquid fuel was better for a rocket to go farther. As Rockets progressed the Parachute recovery systems were employed. This helped for the rockets and the things inside to return safely. In October of 1958 the United States formally organized its space program by creating the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). This is would change rockets forever. =media type="custom" key="14060416"Rocket Stages=

=Mars Exploration=

There have been dozens of trips to mars. The latest one that was launched was called curiosity. This one is by far the biggest and smartest of all the rovers and landers that NASA has sent to mars. This mission is to detect if there is life on mars or there was life on mars. It does this by grabbing a pile of material from mars and putting it inside of it and when the material is inside it does multiple tests on it. Nasa believes that there was once life there but there probably isn’t now because it is too cold. The USSR was the first of the world to send a robot to mars. Even though many of their missions were a failure they still got many photos and also helped with the understanding of mars today.

= Rocket Description = = =

= Rocket Experiment =



The purpose of this experiment of this experiment was to see if weight determined how high the rocket went up into the air. The data was really all over the place there were the mass didn’t really affect anything. But the lowest mass went the shortest and the heaviest mass went the highest.

My rocket came off the launch pad and into the air pretty straight. Once it go higher up the rocket started to go forward and left. It hits it apogee and released its parachute and the rocket slowly made its way down still going forward and left. It hit the ground good and there were no malfunctions with our rocket.

=Rocket heights compared to wings and mass=

The Purpose of our experiment was to see if mass affected the height of a rocket. This was true. The lighter the rocket was the higher it went. The fins also were a factor it was not good to have a lot of fins on your rocket. I think that 3 fins was the best. The rocket that went the highest was very arrow dynamic and it was also really lite. The one that went the lowest was very heavy and it had 18 fins on it which did not help it fly. The flight of our rocket was very bad. It went up about 10 feet up into the air and then turned left very hard and spun to the ground. When it hit the ground the parachute deployed and it almost caught on fire.



**Robotics History**

In 350 BC Aristotle built a mechanical bird dubbed "the Pigeon" is propelled by steam. It serves as one of histories earliest studies of flight In the year 1495 Leonardo DaVinci designed a mechanical device that looks like an armored knight. The mechanisms inside "Leonardo's Robot" are designed to make the knight move as if there was a real person inside. In 1738Jacques de Vaucanson built three robot type things. The first was a Automaton that played a flute the second automaton played a flute and a drum. The third was a duck that quacked. In 1961 Heinrich Ernst develops the MH-1, a computer operated mechanical hand at MIT. In 1971 the first movie about robots was made.in 1979 The Robotics Insitute was one of the first insitutes dedicated to Robotics was formed In 2004 the first robot ever to land on mars landed. This robot was sent by NASA.

=Programming Robots=

media type="file" key="kpk_square.AVI" width="300" height="300" Some of the different things that our robots can do are move forward. Our robots can move forward at different paces and it can move different lengths. To move backward is just opposite of moving forward it can move the same paces and the same lengths of time. Our robots can also move left to right. They can do two different types of turns, one is a curve turn and that is a turn while moving and you can do this left or right. The other type of turn is a point turn and that is when the stops and then moves left or right. Some of the difficulties that we had when making the tutorials and actually making the robot where that there was sometimes a lot of steps to do like in tutorial 9 it was very hard to make and I had to watch the video a few times to get it right. Also when making the robot there were several small peace's that would get lost or we wouldn’t have them.

= Identifying Rocks and Minerals and Rolling Around Mars =

You can identify minerals or rocks many different ways. One way to see a rock or a mineral is its color. There is only a few colors for each of the rocks and if something is the same color then you can fell it then you will probably find out which rock or mineral it is. Another way to identify something is by its luster each rock or mineral has its own unique luster. Something that is easy test to see if it’s a rock or mineral is its streak all you need to do is rub it against something and see what color it makes. A scale that you cant really tell but it can be useful if you know it is the hardness this can help a lot if you know it. Scientist do research here on earth to find out new rocks and mineral that can help with different things. We need scientist to find new things because if we never found gold or diamonds our jewelry would be different. If we never found coal then we would never be able to run trains back in the old days. Also if we didn’t have some of the keys tings for building like aluminum and titanium they may have never found a way to build big skyscrapers.



Around thanksgiving curiosity was launched to mars to see if there was ever life there. On mars there is harsh terrain and climate on mars so NASA had to build a robot that could stand those type of conditions. Curiosity is by far NASA best robot they have sent to mars and the most advanced. Curiosity's goal is to travel all around mars to find life that may have been there. NASA at first even had to test if they could make a robot to travel all around on mars bumpy surface. The Drill that is connected to the robot would drill in Mars and then that dirt would go it the robot. The Robot that is traveling to mars is carrying all of the same tools that a real geologist would use when doing the same things it doing.

= Necessary's to Live =

There are 8 main things one living thing must have to be considered living. The first thing a living being must have is cells, Cells have many parts that are called organelles. The Second thing a living being must have is minerals all living things need water, minerals, and gases. Livings things take what they need from the environment. The third thing a living being must have is that it must respond to stimuli, Stimulus means anything that causes living things to react and Response means the reaction to a stimulus. There are 2 types of responses Positive means moves toward stimulus Negative means moves away from stimulus. Another things that a living being must have is that it must be able to reproduce. Reproduce is when the process by which organisms produce offspring of their own kind, plants and animals reproduce in a variety of ways. Two ways are Sexual reproduction (two parents) and Asexual reproduction (one parent).The 5th property is growth for something to live it must grow. All things develop from a lower or simpler to a higher or more complex form the steps of growing for an animal or human is embryo-newborn-child-adolescent-adult, but not all things grow at the same rate or reach the same size. The 6th property is adapted, adapted mean Modifications that make an organism suited to its way of life. The last property for something to live is respiration, respiration means releasing energy stored in the chemical bonds of sugars (food).

I would find life on mars by doing two things. The first thing is the LR experiment the LR works by scooping up a bit of Martian soil and mixing it with a drop of water that contained nutrients and radioactive carbon atoms. The idea was that if the soil contained microbes, the life-forms would metabolize the nutrients and release either radioactive carbon dioxide or methane gas, which could be measured by a radiation detector on the probe. Another way is heating some Mars soil samples to different temperatures and isolating other samples in the dark for months—conditions that would kill microbes that are photosynthetic or that rely on photosynthetic organisms for survival. These control samples were also mixed with the nutrient solution.