Natalie+T+SFLOM


 * __Electricity Not In Your City __**

Electricity  is a fundamental entity of nature consisting of negative and positive kinds, observable in the attractions and repulsions of bodies electrified by friction and in natural phenomena (as lightning or the aurora arboreal), and usually utilized in the form of electric currents. The three types of electricity are static, current, and discharge. Static  electricity is electricity that doesn’t move and an example of it would be a balloon that just got rubbed on your hair and is touching the wall. Current  electricity is electricity that moves in a controlled matter and an example of it would be the wires in your home that provide the electric current for your TV. Discharge electricity moves in a rapid movement and an example of it would be lightening during a thunderstorm.

Electricity can be used in many different ways. One way that you would use it to get to Mars is with a rocket  because you need it to go up in space. Another use of electricity is the earpieces phones that they talk to you with. Also when you get on Mars, you have to search for life and something to help you would be a rover <span style="color: #22d2e7; font-family: Georgia,serif;">. Rovers have a camera on them so you can see what is happening. You can probably see now that there is a lot of electricity being used to get to Mars, to communicate while doing it, and searching for life on Mars.

__<span style="color: #22d2e7; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**Magnetism is Just Naturalism** __

<span style="color: #31d6ea; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Magnetism is one the basic forces of nature. Magnetism is basically attraction possessed by magnets. But magnets can repel each other too. On every magnet there is a north and south pole. If you bring the south pole on one magnet and the north pole on the other close together they will attract. But it doesn’t work the same with north and north and south and south. If you remember opposites attract and likes repel, you will be fine. The only exception is if the magnets are too far apart they don’t do anything. Some experiments on the general topic magnetism is to test metals with the a bar magnetic to determine whether the metal is magnetic or not. Another experiment is to connect a bolt to a battery with alligator clips and try to pick up staples with it. Last but definitely not the least is to put a magnet near the compass and see what happens.



<span style="color: #31d6ea; font-family: Georgia,serif;">You would need to use magnetism a lot when you are going Mars. One of the ways magnetism could be useful is for a rocket if it needs to release a piece of the rocket then you turn the electromagnet off and it flies off the rocket. You would also need a navigation system which you need magnetism for. Also your rover needs to detect the north and south pole on Mars which you also need magnetism for. As you can see there are many needs for magnetism when you go on a trip to Mars.

__From Big Bang To Galaxies__

Our universe began 15 billion years ago which was called the Big Bang. It exploded out of nothing. The universe was extremely hot then. The universe grew in a fraction of a second. It was made up of antiquarks, energy, and quarks. The universes temperature gradually fell. Protons and neutrons are now forming. Antiprotons, neutrons, and protons are created from the radiation and then go back to energy again. Once the universe drops to 10 billions degrees it is now made up of energy, positrons, electrons, and muons. After 3 minutes are up then a quarter of the protons and neutrons are combined to make helium nucleus. When the temperature gets down to 3,000 degrees kelvin electrons can start orbiting protons and helium nucleus.

__The Milky Way Galaxy__

A milky way is a light that goes across the sky at night. It is made of huge star. The dark patches are a cloud of a pink dust. There is a flat disk of stars about 100,000 light years across and 1,000 to 2,000 light years thick. A thin layer of gas and dust cuts in the middle of it. At the center there is a large flatted bulge about 20,000 light years across. The sun lies in the disk. On the opposite side there is a dwarf galaxy merging into the milky way. Stars are scattered around like a halo. 4 spiral arms come out of the bulge. In the bulge the stars are mainly red and orange which are old stars. At the heart of the bulge there is the nucleus of the galaxy, it is probably a massive black hole surrounded by gas clouds and a disk of dust. The spiral arms of the galaxy are where matter tends to pile up. The galaxy is always turning no matter what happens.

__Lives of the stars__

Stars form in cold and dark clouds of dust in space. A wave from an exploding star can causes cores to form. Each core contracts as gravity pulls it together. The energy of the fallen gas heats up the center of the core which creates a proto star. The center could get so hot a nuclear reaction could occur. The star spins faster as it shrinks down and the gas surrounding in starts to form into a disk. Gas streams out from the poles. The star turns hydrogen into helium provides it with nuclear energy. Bigger stars change and form more quickly than small ones. The most massive stars are blue and white. The most massive stars are way bigger than the sun and shine a lot more brighter. There are blue, white, and yellow stars. The small yellow stars are dimmer and the surface temperature is lower. The smallest stars are the orange and red ones. The sun was once a yellow star. When the sun gets bigger the color would get darker, brighter, and starts to blow of some of its material. Inside, the sun is unstable. The sun can grow to the size of our orbit of our earth. Once the sun blows off enough material it will become a white dwarf star.

__The Sun__

The sun is a star. The sun is much closer than any other star. The sun is a bowl of hot gas made up of hydrogen and helium. The suns powerhouse is buried in the suns inter core. The sun's inter core is over 15 billions degrees hot. Hydrogen nucleus crash into each other and build up into nucleus of helium. Hydrogen vanish quickly in order to generate the suns energy. The suns out layer is hot gas rumbling around and they also shoot up into flames. Sometimes even sun spots appear. Solar flares are the most dangerous type of energy. If any hit the earth it will just go around because of our magnetic field or get stuck in between the sun and earth. That create a weird light that curves in the night sky. The sun has a magnetic field which is larger than earths. The sun spins about once a month.

__History of the Solar System__

In the disk there are large materials that keep on growing bigger and bigger and soon come into clumps. Far from the sun the materials would survive because when the material would collide it would break up or join with the other one. In the outer system four very large masses formed which were Neptune, Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus called the giant pallets. They grew disks of their own. Each planet has a thick layer of gas. In the inner system their were to many collisions for large planets to form. But then the four planets grew, earth, mars, mercury, and Venus. The moon was created in a collision between earth and another planet about the size of mars. The moon was crated by heavy bombardment. Earth has oxygen by plant breaking down and producing carbon dioxide in the air. One of the commits created damage to the earth and blew out most the animals and other things living on earth.

__ The Early Years of Rocketry __

One of the first devices to successfully bring in the principles essential to rocket flight was a rocket device called an aeolipile. Around 100 B.C. a Greek inventor named Hero put a sphere on top of the water kettle. A fire below the kettle turned the water into steam. Then the gas would travel through pipes to the sphere. After that two L-shaped tubes on opposite side of the sphere would let the gas escape and doing that gave it thrust to the sphere that caused it to rotate.



<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 130%;">In the first century A.D. the Chinese had made a simple form of gunpowder. This was used to create explosion during religious festivals, they would fill it in bamboo tubes with a mixture and tossed them into fires. Some of them failed and exploded instead of skittering on the fires. Then after the Chinese began experimenting with the gunpowder-filled tubes. Once they attached bamboo tubes to arrows and launched them with bows. Later on they discovered that the gunpowder tubes could launch themselves just by the powder, which was produced from the escaping gas. That was when the true rocket was born. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 130%;"> __MY ROCKET__

The nose cone guides airflow around the rocket. The body tube is the main structural part, usually a strong paper tube. The recovery system is a device for getting the rocket back safely and intact for repeat use. The recovery wadding protects recovery system from hot ejection charge gases. The launch lug guides the rocket straight off the launch pad. The rocket motor is a safe, non-reusable device. A new motor is needed for each flight. The motor mount holds the rocket motor in place. The fins keep the rocket traveling straight Part 2:

The purpose of this experiment was to determine how the weight of a rocket affected the height it flew. 9 rockets were made in 3rd period. The painting that we did to the rocket affected the mass and that affected how high it flew. The rocket was performed by getting put on pole and igniting the fuel to blast off. In order to measure how high it flew trigonometry was used. The trundle wheel was used to find the place where the angle guns would measure the rockets. The trundle wheel went 100 clicks before the angle guns were used to measure how high the rocket flew. The results of this experiment was the greater the mass of the rocket, the lower it flew. Our hypothesis was true because we guessed the greater the mass of the rocket, the lower it would fly.

__ROVER DROP__ Our vehicle partially worked. The egg made it out with out bursting, but it had a crack. The base of our vehicle was a cup with fuzzy sticks and Popsicle sticks in the cup. On the outside of the cup was bubble wrap. At the bottom of the cup was some more Popsicle sticks and 6 layers of paper for a flat landing. To slow our vehicle down we had a zip-lock bag that was attached with strings. Our vehicle landed right. Our egg would of made it if there was a cover for our vehicle. We should put I cover on it and have some kind of thrust to slow the landing down. I think that we should have stronger tape, like duct tape, instead of school tape. I also think that we should have two plastic bags instead of one.

__ ROBOTS! __

A robot is a machine capable of carrying out a complex series of action automatically especially one programmable by a computer. Some facts of robots are that there are currently 4,000 robots serving in the US Military. Also robot comes from the Czech word robota. The real Mars robots, Spirit and Opportunity have logged 10.5 miles trudging across the Red Planet for more than three years.

Now a days they use robots for military, for searching mars, and industrial work. Robots can be used for entertainment too, like the Hex-Bug. Children can chase it around because it moves and pretend like it is their pet. If you ever want to learn more then you could go to Duke University and take robotics. Progm

= = Ultrasonic Sensor

The motors on our robot convert electrical energy from the batteries inside the robot into mechanical energy. That makes the robot moves and perform different tasks. Our robots are able to move different directions and perform different alerts. Some of the different directions the robot could move are forward, backward, point turns, and curve turns. A point turn is a sharp right or left turns, but curve turns are a slight turn right or left. It also needs wheels to move all these directions. For our robot we used many different types of sensors. The first sensor we used was a sound sensor. That detects sounds. The second sensor we put on was the ultrasonic sensor. That detects the distance from objects. The third sensor we put on our robot is the light sensor. The light sensor detects light spots on the ground and dark spots. Lastly the touch sensor was put on our robot. This protected the robot from running into stuff. But there are still many more sensors to go.

__ Geology __

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Minerals can be identified in many different ways. One way minerals can be identified is by its color and luster. The second way minerals can be identified is by how hard it is. The third way minerals can be identified is by what streak it leaves behind. The fourth way minerals can be identified is by seeing if its magnetic. The fifth way minerals can be identified is by light refraction. Some other ways minerals can be identified is by using an UV light to see if any of the minerals glow and/or pouring acid on them. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Curiosity is now able to perform geology experiments on Mars. Some ways it does such a complex experiment on Mars is to drill into rocks and get powdery samples of them, which then Curiosity then examines inside his body. What is inside the body is two very advance analytical chemistry laboratories. Once the rocks get tested to see what type they are, they are sent to earth. Then we get to examine them some more to see if there was actually life on Mars.

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