Maria+S+SFLOM

== Electricity is a fundamental entity of nature consisting of negative and positive kinds, observable in the attractions and repulsions of bodies electrified by friction and in natural phenomena and usually utilized in the form of electric currents. All of that is categorized in 3 forms of electricity- Static, Current, and Electric Discharge. Static Electricity is electricity that does not move, it is stationary. A current is electricity flowing in a controlled manner. Electric discharge is like the opposite when you think about it. Discharge is out of control energy in rapid movements. ==

== The uses of electricity benefit the trip to mars on many levels. Electricity will be used in the rocket ship to power the heating system, telecommunication systems, the lights inside the rocket, and many other things. It will be helpful on Mars as well as getting there. If we wanted to create a rover we need electrical wiring so we can control where it goes and its speed also. Discharge could be helpful if (and this is highly illogical) an alien life form begins to attack. You would need a stun gun or a ray gun to stun or paralyze the life form. ==

How Magnetism Will Help on Mars
=== Magnetism is the ability attract or repel an object. Anything that has magnetite in it is a magnet. The object repels other magnets if two North poles are placed next to each other or two South poles are placed next to each other. It can also attract another magnet with a North and South pole placed next to each other. Magnetism is used in common things like refrigerator magnets. ===

=== The uses for getting to Mars are that some of the wiring in a rocket requires magnetism to hold some things in place and then break apart. In the shell of the rocket there are pieces that need to break off so the velocity is greater and the speed is faster. Once the rocket gets to the smallest size it becomes faster and can travel to mars quicker. It is also helpful since there is iron fragments in the soil of mars so when the rover has been dispatched it can stay on Mars without getting sucked up into space. ===



From Big Bangs to Galaxies
Would you believe that the universe started out smaller than a nucleus of an atom? Well, it's true. The Big Bang happened in a fraction of a second and when our universe was formed, it turned out to be a hot situation. This is because it was a mix of radiant energy and exotic particles. From the radiation matter and antimatter was created. After a short period of time the temperature dropped to 1 billion degrees. After that it was a thick soup of radiation and exotic particles. After about 2 million years, the universe got itself together and started to create itself into a place with galaxies. There are 3 types of galaxies- elliptical, spiral, and irregular. When galaxies collide head-on, it creates an even bigger galaxy.

The Milky Way Galaxy
Did you know that the milky way galaxy is about 5 times larger than it looks? The milky way galaxy is a spiral galaxy. It is a flat disk of stars that are 100,000 light years across and 1-2 thousand light years thick. IN the center bulge is a thinner layer of gas and dust. The center bulge is also 20,000 light years across. The sun is located in the disk half way across the center. Around the galaxy there are star clusters scattered in a spherical halo. The older stars are in the center bulge where the nucleus of the galaxy is in the heart. The nucleus of galaxies are probably black holes.

Lives of stars
Stars form in dark clouds of dust and gas. Even though the stars are already formed, new stars are still surrounded by the gas and dust cloud. In the center of a star, it is hot enough to start nuclear reactions. The mass of the star depends on its life. Stars of a lower mass are dimmer. The color affects its surface temperature. The surface temperature of a star is usually around 40 thousand degrees. About 5 billion years ago the sun formed and became a yellow star. The beginning of the end begins with the color darkening and the star expanding. The sun, for instance, gets larger, brighter, and then darker and pulses for months until it loses half of its original mass.

The Sun

The sun is a much clearer form of stars since most of it is helium and hydrogen. The chromosphere of the sun is seen as red glowing flames. In the core, the temperature is about 15 million degrees. Hydrogen particles crash and build nuclei of helium in the sun. from the core, energy radiates as gas falls to cool itself after rising to the surface and becoming hotter. From the surface of the sun, there are things called spicules. They shoot up thousands of kilometers high and fall back to the surface. On the surface, the most active flames are solar flares. With that, gas constantly streams away from the sun. it doesn’t stray all the way away because there is a magnetic field surrounding the sun.

History of the Solar System

The sun was formed with gas and dust, as most stars are. The disk of the universe has materials that accumulate into larger particles. Far from the sun, the icy particles survived. Those ice particles are made from rock and metal particles. Those particles collided for a while and they went so fast that they were broken up again and the process repeated. After a while of that process, 4 large planets formed- Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, and Uranus. It took a little while, but smaller planets like the Earth formed also.

The History of Rocketry

There was a man named Robert Goddard. He was the first person to create a rocket powered by liquid fuels instead of solids. Her wasn't the first person to invent a true rocket though. There was the battle between the Chinese and Mongols and they shot fire arrows into the air with a rocket attached with bamboo tubes and solid fuel. They had a tube that was NOT the stereotypical rocket tube with a triangular cone on top. It was a tube only stuffed with a mixture of solid fuel.



There was once a man named Hero of Alexandria. He built the Hero Engine. It is an engine that was powered by a fire and water. The engine was placed over an open fire to boil the water. The steam went up the tubes into the circular piece. Afterwards the steam pumped out of the L shaped pieces and the steam propelled the circular disk in motion. This was the first engine in the world at the time.



This experiment was performed on April 23, 2014. Although that's when the rocket was launched, it was built many days prior to the lift off date. It was built by using a kit to construct the frame and all the components inside of it. We built the model and also painted the exterior. The weight of the exterior varied by the amount of paint we put on it. In all, there was a total of 8 model rockets with different masses and paints.

My hypothesis was true. The rockets were launched from the launch pad. Prior to that, we had to hook up the ignition to two cords. We then pushed the buttons on the launcher and it ripped out the ignition from the rocket as it went soaring using the engine to fuel it up. It then deployed the parachute and then floated down quickly. The engine may have burned the rocket but it was a great launch in the end as it landed in the baseball field away from trees and the tennis courts. Our rocket's mass was 46.1 grams and that helped since it weighed more and it came down safer and closer to the starting point. Our class constructed 8 rockets all together so the masses varied. We then used trig to calculate the max altitude. We did- 100*tan(x) as X would be the mass.



The Drop Zone In this experiment we dropped apple sauce jars from the Tennis Pavilion and onto the courts. We each made devices to get the baby jars down safely and unharmed. We used baby jars because someone was allergic to eggs but I believe eggs would have been better because then it really tests the impact since it is more fragile.



Our device was a contraption of balloons, a Ziploc bag, popsicle sticks, and other materials. The jars didn’t break (obviously since they are baby proof) and neither did anyone else's because the jars are baby proof. I did not like the fact we used something indestructible and I would like to do this again with something more fragile.

THE HISTORY OF ROBOTS- ANCIENT AND MODERN DAY

This is one of Leonardo Davinci's robot designs created into a real robot. It was his design of a human robot to help people with their lives. It was constructed with metal and hard materials to show the construction used for that kind of design back in his time of creativity. It is a simple design but the robot was intended for greater uses.



These kinds of robots were made for more advanced uses including serving humans although that may not be the intended request. This robot is used to follow the commands of a human. These robots are like butlers to man. They are used by the more wealthy persons in the world since they can easily afford a robot to do their biddings. These robots are constructed of more advanced materials like LED light bulbs and chrome coating to make the robot look more modern and sophisticated.



We programmed these robots to complete courses and challenges. I'd first like to describe the robot and motors and sensors. The motors itself are used to move the wheels and push the robots forward. The motors are extremely important because they power the robot as well as the batteries. The function of the motor is to push or pull something. You can push the wheels forward as well as pull them in reverse.

The sensors we use are the sound, light, and ultrasonic sensor. The easiest sensor to work with is definitely the sound sensor because all you do is make a sound and it will either move forward or backward. The hardest is the ultrasonic because if your hand is in front of it then it won't move or do anything.



__MINERALS__ Minerals can be identified by doing a few things- You can test it's magnetism, with a streak test, a hardness test, observing it with a magnifying glass, light refraction (florescent light reflected), UV light test, and an acid test. For a magnetism test you would get a neodymium magnet and hover it over minerals and you can tell which ones are magnetic because they will leap to the magnet. A streak test is when you have a 2 unglazed porcelain tiles, black and white, and you scratch a mineral on the tiles and the color identifies the mineral by the streak. There are other tests also but these are the ones I focused on.

Curiosity will perform geological experiments by using some of these tests. It will do so because there is a state-of-the-art laboratory inside of the rover was built with a plutonium core because hey, there's no rules on Mars, so NASA can put what they want in a rover. There is a system that scoops up rocks and sand and analyzes them in the laboratory, it then converts it into a gas to identify the mineral(s).