Emery+B

=The Search for Life on Mars= = = = From Big Bang to Galaxies =

The universe started about the size of an atomic nucleus, and was very hot. Within a fraction of a second, the universe expanded to a size similar to Earth. Then the temperature started to drop and then of protons and neutrons and electrons were formed. The helium nuclei form and the temperature continues to drop as the universe expands over the next three hundred thousand years. When the temperature is low enough, electrons begin to orbit protons, creating atoms. About Two million years after the Big Bang, galaxies begin to form. Where clumps of matter occur, their gravitational pull causes them to grow. Galaxies are spread out between voids. These galaxies form when gas clouds turn into discs around a bulge. The disc then begins to develop spiraling arms. The galaxies are then formed.

= The Milky Way Galaxy = The Milky Way is a large galaxy with spiral and arms. At the center there is a bulge from which the arms of the galaxy extend out of. All of the matter that surrounds the bulge orbits it at its own pace. The spiral arms of the Milky Way are where matter piles up, and is consistently moving. Our sun is about halfway away from the center of the Milky Way, and orbits the at two hundred fifty kilometers an hour. = = = The Sun = The sun is just the closest star to Earth, and is an interesting one. The inner core is where hydrogen nuclei single protons collide to make the nuclei of helium and nuclear energy. This energy radiates from the core where it spirals near the surface, heating and rising, then cooling and falling again. The surface is granulated, and jets of incandescent gas called spicules come in between the gaps. Solar flares do this too, but are much more powerful. Sun spots also appear on the surface near the equator when the magnetic field loops through the surface of the sun. =Lives of the stars =

Stars form when a disturbance, such as an exploding star, disrupts a cloud of gas. This makes contracting holes in the gas, which heat up and forms the beginning of a star. When it gets hot enough, it emits wind as it grows larger and blows away the majority of the cloud. Bigger stars form and change faster than smaller ones Star's lives are determined by their size, Largest and hottest stars are bluish white, smallest, coldest are a dull red. Our sun is somewhere in the middle, leaning towards the small side. Stars like the sun follow this growth pattern: After they form, they don't change much for a while. Then, they grow smaller and duller as they run out of energy. This can take up to 5 billion years. Then, it grows larger and doubles in size. It keeps growing and becomes brighter. As it grows, it sheds its material and then drops in size for a while. It then expands to huge proportions, and it unstable, pulsing in size. It then continues to shed its material until it becomes a white dwarf star, which then cools down and fades away. Larger stars expand, pulse in size, and then grow into a red supergiant. Its core then implodes and creates a large explosion.

= History of the Solar System = As the sun formed, our solar system formed around it. The material in a remaining dust cloud condensed and formed rocky objects called planetecimals. Then, Jupiter, Uranus, Saturn, and Neptune formed around some of the planetecimals and smaller planetecimals. Then, Mars, Earth, Venus, and Mercury formed in the inner solar system, closer to the sun. When forming, these planets were heated by a radioactive core. This caused the metals of the planets to collect in the core as the lighter materials rose to the surface and formed a shell. At this point, the majority of the planetecimals had either become moons or formed an asteroid belt.

=** ROCKET LABELS **=



=Hubble Deep Field Academy=

Some of the questions the astronomers asked were "How can these objects seen through the telescope be classified." This wasn't one of my questions, but was one that I wanted to know the answer to after I heard it.

The astronomer's estimated there to be around 50 to 100 billion stars there. That was nowhere near my estimate, but is probably more accurate.

The kinds of objects classified in the image were: Irregular galaxies, which are galaxies with stars that are scattered at random, giving it an appearance similar to a cloud. There were also elliptical galaxies, which are simply galaxies that have a smooth oval shape. Then there were stars, which are large bodies of gas that emit light.

Astronomers estimate distance by the size, color and type of the object. Stars can appear small, but are most always closer than a spiral galaxy that may look bigger.

Color and Shape can both indicate the age of a galaxy.

Astronomers estimate the number of galaxies in the universe by splitting the sky into sections, counting the galaxies in that section and then multiply that by the number of sections they split the sky into. = = ROCKET HISTORY The steam from the boiling water would enter the tubes, and when exiting the other pipe would propel it in circles. They would attach fireworks to arrows and shoot them at their enemies, which would scare them more than it would hurt them. He came up with the idea to use liquid propellants, they only used powders or solid propellants before then. He was the first person to //successfully// use liquid propellants in a rocket. German scientists, who used it in war as a bomb of sorts. It was formed as a response to Russia's success in space travel. It was formed to explore space with peaceful intent and for the benefit of the human race.
 * [[image:http://www.daviddarling.info/images/Hubble_diagram.jpg]]
 * 1) Sketch the Hero Engine and explain how it worked.
 * 1) Explain the various ways the early Chinese employed rockets.
 * 1) What was Konstantin Tsiolkovsky’s contribution to modern rocketry
 * 1) Explain the significance of Goddard’s achievement on March 16, 1926
 * 1) Who developed the V-2 rocket and for what purpose?
 * 1) Why was NASA formed? Explain the history behind its formation.

=ROCKET LAUNCH=



=MARS ROVER DROP=



Characteristics of life

There are eight characteristics of life. For an organism to be considered alive it must do all eight things at some point. The first characteristic is it must be made of cells. The second is it takes materials from the environment for sustenance, then it must be homeostatic, meaning it is trying to keep things within the body consistent. The fourth characteristic is that is responds to stimuli, or it reacts to outside interactions. The fifth characteristic is that is has the ability to reproduce. Another characteristic is that it grows and develops over it's lifespan. The seventh characteristic is that it has the ability to adapt, meaning it changes to best fit it's environment. The last characteristic is respiration. If it does all of these at some point then it is living and if it doesn't do all of these things at some point then it is not living.



Some ways you can search for signs of life on other planets is to look for water and organic remains. Or you could take a sample of the environment and test it to see if it has any signs of life in it, like adding water to it or heating it.