Connor+B+SFLOM

Going to Mars

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Electricity is a form of energy that includes particles, such as electrons or protons. Electricity fuels many things that are used in everyone's daily life. There are three different types of electricity, discharge, static and current. Any electric flow through a gas is considered an electric discharge. Static electricity is stationary electricity that is usually caused by some sort of friction such as a balloon rubbing upon one's head. Electric current is the flow of electricity through any object. It is an electric circuit. Electricity is used all the time for many objects that are used in everyone's daily lives, all of the different types. ======

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If I were wanting to travel to Mars I would need electricity for almost if not everything to keep myself living and happily living. One of the most important things I would need would be the rocket to get me there. The rocket would use electric discharge because the gas would be circulated into electricity and it would fuel the rocket to fly. Electricity would also be used for an oxygen tank to allow me to breathe in space as well as for lights. For the lights you would need current electricity to fuel them and you would need the lights to allow you to see where things are and where things are going. Another thing that would be a necessity to live on mars would be a refrigerator, a refrigerator needs electricity to work. Another very important thing that I would need would be a computer to calculate my results on how life is there. A computer is full of electricity. A computer would not be able to work without electricity. That goes for many other important things too. As was said before almost everything used in ones daily life involves electricity. Electricity is vital for all of us to do our everyday things especially on the everyday basis that I go to Mars. ======

= = What is Magnetism how how could it be used for traveling to Mars?!

Magnetism is a motion of electric charge resulting in attractive and repelling forces. Magnetism has many effects and one of the worlds most useful effects of magnetism are electromagnets. Electromagnets are incredibly useful because if you are looking to pick up a large object you would need a large magnet. When you grab the object it will stick and it will be incredibly hard to take off. But with an electromagnet there would be a switch to stop the magnet and it will drop the large object. Another great effect of Magnetism would be the electric motor. An electric motor is very useful to everyone because it is a magnet. It is made by a coil going around a piece of iron. Then you would need a magnet of some sort to pick this up and act like it’s a magnet. To simplify that an electric motor turns electric energy into mechanical energy. Lastly transformers are very important to humans and they are an effect of magnetism. Transformers are able to change the voltage of an alternate current. You can change the amount of voltage by changing the size of the loops on the inside.



Magnetism can be useful on our trip to Mars through navigation. We could use magnetism for navigation by a compass. A compass is fueled by magnetism and that is how we could get back to our rocket we would have to know the direction our rocket was on Mars or else we could never get back. We would also need an electromagnet for getting our clothing and other necessities from the ship out to our camp on Mars. Lastly we would need a hard drive or another storage collecting device to collect all of the data we collect on Mars to be able to share our research. As you can see magnetism will clearly make our life easier once we go to Mars.

Crash Course Astronomy = =

The universe began around 15 billion years ago. The universe was quickly dominated by radiant energy. To be specific it took one second for radiant energy to dominate the earth. The earth started as a very small object but expanded at a quite rapid pace. As temperatures cooled the protons and neutrons formed very quickly. Around three billion years after the protons and neutrons formed our galaxy formed. As our universe expanded the matter clumped together. This was called the Big Bang.

The Milky Way galaxy is very complex. It is a flat disc of stars that are 100,000 light years long and nearly 1-2,000 light years thick. This disc contains the sun and other large stars. The middle of the galaxy is called the bulge, the bulge has 4 spiral coming out of its sides. The nucleus of the galaxy is actually a black hole that sucks everything in. We are Around 2050 million years away from going all the way around the sun. The Milky Way Galaxy is actually a little bit of a mystery and no one knows EXACTLY what it is.

The stars are actually made in cold, dark clouds full of gas. The new stars are then surrounded by the same gas that are in the cold, dark clouds. There are many different shapes of stars and for every different size the star is usually a new color. Such as a big star is usually blue or white and the smaller stars are red. When the stars get really big they become bigger than our sun. If a star is really big it will become a super nova. Since the sun is actually just a star it is also created by a cloud. When stars begin to get die out they become dark orange until they fall out. When the star is dying it pulsates a lot. Then the outer layers begin to fall off and so on and so forth until all of the star is gone.

The sun is just a star that is close to our earth. The suns core is very hot. It can get up above 15 million degrees Fahrenheit. The core has radiant energy going up every day away from the core and into the outer layers. The intense bursts of radiant energy creates solar flares or sometime Auroras. The sun spots that are seen usually appear somewhere near or on the earths equator. Without the sun the earth and our galaxy would be no more.

The solar System is a wonderful thing. The solar system has a large disc that has planets form in and around it all the time. There are 4 large masses that form in the solar system and they for their because its colder. The smaller planets are formed when there are quick smaller collisions that happen often. Although they sometimes form when their quick, when they're too quick they will break into parts. The moon created when the earth and another planet had a small collision. Without the solar system rocks from space would be more likely to come to our earth. The dinosaurs that used to be on the earth died from the asteroids that fell from space onto our planet.

History of the Rocket

Rockets are known for going into space and allowing people to navigate around the universe. But not very many people actually know the history of the rockets we use today. The Early Chinese were the first people to use rockets, even though they didn't even try to create one. The Chinese were first trying create an explosive for their Chinese festival and they filled up balloon tubes with a mixture and put them into fires. They would then get set on fire and be shot into the air. They later put this same mixture into bottles and on arrows, they would then shoot into the air and fly. They put flaming gas on the top and it was still able to shoot.

With this method the Chinese were able to shoot many things that they might not have been able to shoot without the special arrows. They were first used as warfare for the but eventually for the rocket. This is how many think the idea of the rocket (and eventually the rocket) was created. Although this is how many people think the arrows were created there is no official research that shows this is the main basis. But this is the most common idea, and that is why we call the Early Chinese the creators of the rocket.



The rockets that were once accidentally made by the Chinese developed a lot over the years (on purpose most of the time.) While they were being developed they would be tested and tested in order to figure things out about the rockets. That is when NASA formed. NASA was formed because the Americans wanted to peacefully search and explore space for the good of man kind. NASA was also formed because many believe that the idea of traveling to space was a weapon and we couldn't let the Soviets use rockets and space as their weapon. NASA is believed to be one of the reasons the cold war began. NASA was used for many more things in space other than just rockets but it's main idea and the reason it started was for rockets.

The new concept of a rocketis much more complex than the one of the early Chinese people. It has some similar ideas though. The idea of the flaming gas is one that they took from the early Chinese civilization. As you can see rockets have evolved so much over such a short time period. Rockets are a key essential to getting to space and we might be incapable if they weren't made and developed appropriately. Rockets allow our world to discover the rest of our universe.



Rocket Launch

The experiment that was done was to try to determine how the mass of an object effected how any type of object flew. We used a rocket, we chose a rocket because we all know a rocket is known for flying and can do so quite well. The first step of this experiment was to build our rocket, we added fins so it would fly straight and everything else as well to allow it to fly. The second step and one of the most important was to add the engine because we all know a rocket can't fly without an engine or something to power it and give it momentum so it could fly in the air. Another large, and of high importance step was to paint it, thus changing the mass of all of the rockets. Our class tried to make all of our rockets the same way so we good correctly determine if the mass really affected how the rocket flew. In total our class made 8 rockets as close to the same as we use only directions and Mr. Himburg for help everyone no and then.



The second and most important of the two main parts of the experiment was to actually go outside and launch the rockets into the air. In order for us to actually calculate whether or not the mass actually changed how much the rocket flew we would need to actually calculate the max altitude of all of the rockets. In order to find out the max altitude we had to find a way to measure it without actually counting up meters into the air. So we used a mathematical equation set up like this, 100*tan(x)=the height it flew. x=angle of the rocket from the ground. In order to get the angle we had to use a device called angle guns. In order to use this angle device correctly we had to be 100 meters away from the spot of the launching pad. Hence the 100 in the equation. So we used a device called the trundle wheel to get that far away. Then we began to launch the rockets in the air and record the max altitude of all of the rockets. Our graph shows that there was no real sign that a specific mass made the rocket go any higher or lower. This shows that my hypothesis of a weight of 42 and 45 would be the weight of the highest flying rocket was wrong. Although this is the case the rocket that flew the highest mass was between those to weights. Overall I do not believe that any specific mass changed how high the rocket eventually ended up reaching.



Launching Rovers

The rover that my partner and I made landed safely without a single crack or dent. In the beginning of our project we believed that it would be very hard to get our rover to the destination safely. So in order for it to land nice and easy we would have to put our padding all around to cushion our fall. The mathematical equation for this situation is Impulse= force* time. In order for our rover to land safely my partner and I decided that we should put the balloons on the bottom of our rover because that would be a much easier way to cushion our fall that most of the other logical techniques. Another way my partner and I decided to cushion our rover was to put bubble wrap around our object so just in case the balloons didn't work this would also be a way to make the landing easier. Our rover eventually landed onto the ground successfully and it was easy to get out of our device. If I were to do this experiment again next time I would try to make our balloons closer to the bottom in order for our rocket to land better. I would also take the sticks out of the protective bag and make them act as wings to slow the rovers fall. Since our class all had successful landings we launched a rover with no protection and it still made it to mars safely. In conclusion we found out that our rovers are made quite well and they have good protection for when they hit the ground.



History of Robots

The concept of modern day robots began during the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. But the real beginning of robots began around 250 BC when a Greek mathematician Archytas made a mechanical bird he called "The Pigeon" which was propelled by steam. Although that's where it began it really got good when Leonardo Da Vinci made designs of a humanoid robot in 1495. A humanoid robot is a robot with attributes that are based from a human body. A humanoid may just be a model of part of the body for example from the waist up. The robots that kids sometimes play with, like the toy helicopters and such are actually a part of ancient history. They were first developed in the mid-late 19th century. It even had a remote control to maneuver it then. The only difference was that these were sometimes controlled off of ropes and strings that led the vehicle either up/down, or forward/backward. Some of these ancient techniques and parts of robot history are still used today. They are only used to a certain small extant because we actually have new modern day robot history that is much more developed and improved.

Modern day history is much improved than of the Ancient history we use many of the old inventions but in better ways. Some of the uses of robots today are used for warfare. We use a machine called drones in wars that take in our commands and be used to harm or defect our enemies. We use robots to assemble vehicles such as cars and planes. Without robots everything would have to be made by hand and they would be much less successful. We use robots today to do things that we used to do with humans. There is a robot called Bo robot. It is used to teach kids many different things. Some things such as math and how to eat. We have also used robots to save kids lives. They have preformed surgeries that some humans are not as capable to do. Robots are actually just machines that take in our commands. This is used all around the world today and in the past. These are just a few of the many uses of modern day robots. Without robots our lives would not be as easy or maybe even possible without the uses of robots.





Mindstorms Robot

The motor in the robot is if not definitely, around the most important parts. Without the motor the robot would be unable to take commands. A motor is the only way a robot is by definition different than all other machines. A robot is a machine that is able to take commands. So if unable to take commands it is technically speaking not a robot. When using a robot you have to program it so it can do what you want it to do without physically moving it from one situation to another. When we are using the motor we program the track or course we want it to do into the motor and it will then tell all of the other parts what to do along with it. One situation when we used it was on the first track that we did. We programmed our robot to make lefts so it wouldn't run into cones and rights for the same. Not only did we have to avoid the cones we couldn't run off the table. So we programmed our robots to get away from those select areas.

The motor is a very important part to a robot but there are other very important parts as well. Most obviously one called a sensor. There are many sensors on a robot. There is a sensor that allows sound to make it go forward or backward or to stop. In order to make that work you would first have to use the motor to program the robot to know to use the sensors. After programming it you would of course have to use a sensor to test the sounds. Not only sit here a sound sensor but there is also a touch sensor which will make the object stop if there is anything it hits. An easier sensor that does the same idea of things is the ultrasonic sensor which does the something but it doesn't have to touch the wall it will just sense it. Sensing the wall could make the object stop or even go away from the wall. There is another sensor too. This sensor is the light sensor. The light sensor points towards the ground and sees if the ground is a light or dark color. This will allow an object not to go on the dark spots. So on mars since we know the shadow is the colder part, we will have a way to stay away from it if need be. If we want to be on the edge so we are both cold and warm we can make sure that we stay on the edge by programming both sides and finding the average.

In all without the motor in a robot nothing could happen with a robot, mainly because it really just wouldn't be a robot. Without sensors the motor wouldn't be too helpful. This would be because the sensors are what make the robots most useful to us. This shows that without both the motor and the sensors robots would not only not be robots but even if they were considered them… They would be very unhelpful and unsuccessful.

Geology

When geologists do tests on rocks/minerals they use many different techniques that help them figure out which one they are (mineral or rock) and figure out what the rock/minerals is. One technique that is pretty common is the streak test. This is a very useful technique, it is used to find out what the mineral or rock is. It will rub a mineral against an un-glazed tile and the mineral will leave a streak of itself behind. This then will be transformed into a gas which will allow a great and easy way of finding what mineral it was. Another nice way is sometimes just to observe it. Some minerals and rocks are so different from each other that it will be so easy to just identify them from looking and feeling them. Another productive way to find out what the object you are testing is to check the hardness level. If we know the hardness level of some objects that when we test against other it could level down the field to a much marginalized number. Lastly but not the worst technique, to see where its habitat is. Sometimes the habitat of where an object was found is a really good way to find out. This might help show you the chemical composition which would then lead you to what the mineral/rock is.



Curiosity (NASA's rover) is doing lots of geology on Mars without even sending the rocks and minerals on the surface back to Earth. Inside of the robot curiosity there's a machine that allows the rocks and minerals to be put in. This machine is sort of similar to microwave, in the fact that it will heat the objects up. It will be so hot that they will be made into a gas which will then be easily identified on what the object is. It is also good for when it sees a new mineral on mars then we know how to discover what it is. This is new because we used to have to send the object back to Earth when we see it. Curiosity being able to do this is a great and far head start on much of the other parts of the world because we will be able to know if Mars is habitable more quickly than them.