Jilly+E

=The search for life on Mars= By: //Jilly E//


 * // From the Big Bang to Galaxies: //**

15 billion years ago the galaxy started as something that was created out of nothing. The galaxy started expanding rapidly over a small period of time. It is believed that a regular sized atom exploded into the size of the earth. The matter contained anti quarks, energy, and quarks. As time went on the development traveled at a steady rate and the temperature slowly dropped. As the universe gets older protons and neutrons are formed. Electrons then come in and take place of energy. For a long time the universe grows and nothing much happens. When the temperature dropped to a certain point, then electrons started orbiting protons to create atoms. Structure started appearing by ripples in the universe. The unevenness causes gravity to make clumps of the universe bigger. Galaxy clusters also known as shells were started out as gas. Then stars gathered around and in the galaxy causing the gas to form a disk around the galaxy.


 * // The Milkyway Galaxy: //**

The milkyway has a disk that is 100,000 light years long and in the middle of the disk is dust and gas. In the middle of it is a bulge that is 20,000 light years across. The sun spins in the milkyway’s disk, and the stars form a halo around the milkyway. The entire galaxy turns but the stars and gas clouds turn in their own orbit.


 * // History solar System: //**

The planets were formed by the sun pulling in matter and the matter grew larger and larger also known as planetesimals. The matter far from the sun, where it was cold started colliding which formed planets. The moons were formed by the larger planets disks. Planetesimals became comets, but only if they came close enough to the warmth of the sun. Rings swarmed around the large planets and were the reason for planetesimals and comets being broken up by gravity.

=//**History of Rockets**// =

== The first thing that contained the idea of a rocket was the aeolipile. The main two substances that helped produce the first idea of a rocket was water and fire. These two substances created steam which then created thrust to move objects. The true rocket idea was then captured by the Chinese with their creation of a Chinese fire-arrow. The fire-arrows were used for the Kai-Keng war against the Mongols. The arrows were made of bamboo filled with gunpowder and then were lit on fire. The Mongolians wanted something like this, but better. The idea of rockets started spreading to Europe, and The Mongolians were held responsible for it. ==

== Then the real idea of a rocket took place. A Russian teacher thought up an idea of sending a rocket into space for exploration. He wanted to be able to explore lots and as quick as possible. He strongly suggested that the rockets use liquid propellants for greater speed and distance. American man then started experimenting with all different types of fuels to reach certain heights. As the man started succeeding he looked at the structure of the rocket to see what could be changed to help the rocket.Lastly satellites were stared to be launched into the universe instead of sending rockets. They were faster, more efficient, and cheaper. ==

= Rocket Stages = media type="custom" key="13889752" width="240" height="240"

=** Search for Life on Mars **=

The exploration of Mars is a long journey. First the rover has to be built and tested, and that takes about 4 to 5 years alone. Then NASA has to wait for Mars to come in alignment with earth so they can send the rover at an angle so it lands at mars. Mars takes approximately 2 years to realign with earth and when they do so, there is about a two week window to send the rover off or they have to wait 2 more years. The travel is about 9 months, and there are always people conducting the rover. When they send the rovers off there are bunches of different teams conducting different parts of the journey. Some people conduct the takeoff, some conduct the flight, and others conduct the landing. But as soon as the rover lands on Mars, it is its own conductor. The rover has to basically unpack its self and this can take up to 10 days. After it is ready to travel it does so and sends back information to earth which takes 10 minutes each way.

= Rocket Definitions =

= Launch Day =

The purpose of this experiment was to see if the mass of the rocket could affect how the rocket flies. The more the mass weighs to a certain extent, the higher the rocket flies. I think the mass did affect the rocket's altitude but I also think the way the rocket was painted affected it. I splatter painted mine so I think the big glops of paint affected the air around the rocket. I think the measurement of the altitude was also an outlier because the people measuring with the angle gun were not consistent.

First the rocket was placed on the Launch pad at a slight angle. When the rocket took off it took off in a straight line into the sky. Then the rocket flew at a slight angle and started to turn. Then the apogee took place and the parachute was realest and it opened all the way. Lastly is came down to the ground quiet quick but all fins were still attached along with everything else.

Each rocket was equipped with an ignition, a parachute, recovery wadding, and three fins so they would potentially fly the same without paint. Then when the rockets were painted the more paint the rocket had to heavier it weighed. My rocket weighed 46.1 grams and the altitude that the rocket reached was 35.4 degreases.

The bigger mass the rocket contains, the higher it will fly in the air because it has more weight. If the rocket has a smaller amount of mass it will not go far because the rocket has less weight.



= Results of Fin expirement =

The purpose of the rocket fin experiment was to see if the amount and placement of the fins could affect the way the rocket flies. The two graphs below represent the mass of each rocket, the amount of fins each rocket had, and the altitude the rocket reached when launched. The first graph shows how the mass effect the altitude the rocket could reach. The more the rocket's mass, the higher the rocket flew, but only to a certain extent. Some rockets didn’t fly very high even though another rocket almost the same weight did fly very high. The second graph shows how the amount of fins affected how the rocket flew. The rockets with more fins could have potentially flown as high as the rockets with a small amount of fins, but it depended on the placement of the fins.

My rocket had the greatest mass out of all of the rockets, having the mass of 61.6g. My rocket was also painted in a spatter paint which could also have messed up the flight. My rocket also had the most fins, having 18 fins. The fins weren't all the same shape or size. They were placed everywhere. The fins definitely messed up the flight of the rocket. The maximum altitude that my rocket reached was 7 meters.



= History of robotics =

The first idea of robotics was founded by a Greek physicist named Archytas in 350 B.C. His first invention was a mechanical bird dubbed "the Pigeon". The second invention was a water clock invented by another physicist named Ctesibus in 200 B.C. Many inventions fallowed leading up to real robots. The first actual robot was designed by Leonardo da Vinci. The design wasn't created in 1495 and robots were improved until about 250 years later. Then the inventions started up again.

The first invention after the break was the improvement of the clock, which was a wristband watch created by Pierre Jaquet-Droz. Then the word robot is actually first introduced. It is used in a French play called "R.U.R" written by Karel Capek. Alan Turing then introduces theoretical computer called the Turing Machine. Then in 1950 Alan Turing proved that a machine could thing for itself. Lastly the first robot that could move was created by The Stanford Research Institute. Now a day we have rovers, the most technological robots of our time so far.



= Programming Motors =

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Motors can be programmed to move a robot with complicated programs. All together there are 4 different types of movements. To go backward both motors for the wheels have to spin at the same rate backwards. The same for forwards except the motors have to go forward. On point turn only one wheel is Turing and the other wheel sits there. For Curve turn is one motor going faster than the other, creating a turn while still traveling forward or backward. The challenges of using a motor with a robot was the turns are not always perfect so the robot runs into everything. =====

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= Geology on Mars = = = = There are many different ways to identify a mineral. Minerals can be identified by color, shape, hardness, texture, acid tests, and magnetism. A scientist on earth would first test the mineral to make sure it was a true mineral. They would run many tests like magnetism to see if the rock has magnetism. Some scientist would perform tests in a special order so if they only have one of that type of mineral it with be done with after all the tests. Other scientists might try to find more minerals of the same type to see where they come from and how they form. =



= The whole reason curiosity is being sent to Mars is because scientist are trying to figure out if life lives on mars. Every slightest little acquisition of life that the rover finds could help scientist figure out steps they take from there. When the rover believes it has found evidence of life it would drill into the ground and the dust that comes out of the ground travels into the rover to be analyzed by two instruments that would provide information on the numerology and the other would show if there were organic molecules in the substance. The rover is equipped with a laser, a compass and many other instruments and is the biggest of all the rovers ever sent to Mars. = = =

= = = characteristics of life =

== There are 8 different types of characteristics of life that each living thing must poses or most of them. All living things must be made of cells because cells are the fundamental of living objects and they have many parts such as organelles. The next characteristic is material that are needed and the object takes from the environment like water, minerals, and air. Then there is homeostatic which is Internally living things that stay the same despite as environmental changes. Next there is there response to stimuli and that is where anything that causes living things to react and there are two types of responses, negative and positive. The fifth one is reproduce which is the process by which organisms produce offspring of their own kind. The sixth is growth, all living things develop from a lower or a simpler to a higher or more complex form. Second to last characteristic is adapted, Modifications that make an organism suited to its way of life. The last characteristic is Respiration, the release of energy stored in the chemical bonds of sugars. ==

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== The first option of detecting life on Mars is through a telescope on earth. The next step would then be to build and send fly-by probes, and orbits to travel around the planet and catch photos of the planet. After that, most likly a robot or robots would be sent to go to the planet and explore. The robots would have to be equipped with the latest technology and would also have to be able to analyze substances on its own. Then if we find possible evidence of life, people would go to explore to see an d make sure. ==