Kaitlyn+W+SFLOM

__Electricity on Mars __

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Electricity is a form of energy that exist because of charged partials (like protons and electrons), either statically as an accumulation of change or dynamically as a current. There are three types of electricity. One is static electricity. Static electricity is the imbalance of positive and negative charges. When you rub a balloon against your hair the negative charges in your hair go to the balloon. Then in you put the balloon on a wall the negative charges in the wall will repel the negative charges in the balloon but the positive charges in the wall will attract the negative charges in the balloon. Attraction is stronger than repelling so the balloon will stick to the wall. Another type of electricity is a electric current. Electric current is electricity that moves from one place to another. For electric current to happen, there must be a circuit or a closed path around which an electric current flows. An example of electric current is a flashlight. When a button or a switch is used on the flashlight it simply connects the negative or positive side of the battery to the opposite connector on the bulb itself. This completes the electric circuit and you have light! The last form of electricity is electric discharge. Electric discharge is a electrical conduction through a gas in an applied electric force. And example of electric discharge is lightning. ======

When we are searching for life on mars there are a lot of things that we will need electricity for. We would need it for air-conditioning or heat on the spaceship. We would also need electricity for the lights on the spaceship, without lights the spaceship would be completely dark. We would also need it for communicating with people on earth. We could build a rover to roam mars with electricity too! Electricity would be very important for a trip to mars.

__Magnetism __

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Magnetism is a force of attraction or repulsion that acts at a distance. Magnetism happens because of a magnetic field, which is caused by moving electrically charged particles. Magnetism interacts with magnetic objects like magnets. Magnets can make materials like iron attract or repel it. Magnets have two poles, they are the north and south poles. Two magnets will be attracted to each other when the opposite poles are facing each other and will repel when the same poles are facing each other. Magnetism is what causes the magnets to attract and repel each other. Another way magnetism affects objects is that it can turn some object like paper clips to become temporary magnet. If you were to hold a magnet up in the air an then "stick" a paperclip on the magnet. You could then stick a second paperclip on the first one because the magnet caused the first paperclip to become a temporary magnet. Magnetism also causes the aurora lights. The particles that are not deflected by the earths magnifier produce other charged particles in the earths outer atmosphere. The charged partials spiral along the earths magnetic field lines towards the earths magnetic poles. There they collide with atoms in the atmosphere. These collisions causes the atoms to emit light. ======



Magnetism would be very important for a trip to mars. Magnetism would make compasses work and we would need a compass for directions. We would also need magnetism for generators. Generators would be useful for things like heat and lights. Magnetism would be useful for motors. Motors can help us by moving objects such as doors. There are lots of things that magnetism would be useful for on a trip to mars.

__The Formation of the Universe __ **Big bang to Galaxies: ** The Bing bang theory is a theory on how the universe started. The universe exploded out of nothing. Once the Universe exploded it started expanding. The universe expanded from the size of an atom to the size of the earth. There where lots of Exotic partials and radiant energy moving about. The universe started out super hot but the temperature gradually fell. As the temperature fell protons and neutrons started to form. In 3 minutes the universe was cool enough for the strong nuclear force to start combining protons and neutrons to create nuclei. After 300,000 years electrons start orbiting protons and nucleus to create atoms. After about 2 billion years after the big bang galaxies start forming. **The milky way Galaxy: ** The light from the Milky way galaxy is caused from a ton of stars. The dark patches in the milky way galaxy are clouds of optic dust. In the milky way galaxy there is a flat disk of stars. Gas and dust are in the middle of the disk. The sun is located in the disk. In the center of the disk there is a large flattened bulge. Four spiral arms spiral out from the bulge. At the heart of the bulge lies the nucleus of the milky way galaxy. The nucleus of the galaxy is probably a black hole. **Lives of stars: ** The lives of stars are very interesting. It starts when a blast wave from an exploding star causes clumps or cores to form. Each core contracts as gravity pulls it together At the same time the core rotates. The energy of the falling gas heats up the center of the core and the temperature at the center is hot so nuclear reactions start. After that the star settles down and there is not much change. A large star expanse cools and then turns yellow. For awhile the star is unstable and it pulses in and out for about a month. As the star shrinks and expands the brightness changes. Bigger stars form and change much more quickly then small ones. The biggest stars are bluish white and the smallest stars are red. The sun formed from a interstellar cloud. **The Sun: ** The sun is a star and the only difference between the sun and other stars is that the sun it closer to the earth. The sun is made up of mostly hydrogen and helium. During an ellipse the parts of the sun that we see look red because we are seeing a different layer of the sun. At the center of the sun the gasses are 20 times denser than iron! It is 15 million degrease hot at the center of the sun. Sometimes the sun has spots called sun spots. The spots look different because they are much cooler than the rest of the sun. Sun spots usually form in groups or in pairs. Every second four million tons of hydrogen vanish in order to generate the suns energy. Solar flares can happen and when they do and they can blast atomic partials as far as the earth and beyond. The sun has its own magnetic field which is 5 times stronger then the earth. **History of the solar system: ** <span style="color: #000099; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;">Our solar system was created when the sun was created. Material started to collect and orbit around the sun after it was created. Far from the sunwhere it was cold and icy planetesimals survived. Closer to the sun they are made of rock and metal. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are known as the giant plants. They grew disk of there own and moons went on the disks. The surface of the mooncreated by rocky bombardment. The icy planetesimals from the outer solar system become comments if they reach the warm sun. A 15 kilometer object striking the earth could have killed a lot of speeches such as the dinosaurs. <span style="color: #00ff28; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">__History of Rockets__ <span style="color: #db00ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 12pt;">Today we use rockets for many things like sending rovers out to space to explore planets or traveling astronauts to space safely but how did rockets get created to the rockets we know today?

<span style="color: #db00ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 12pt;">Around about 100 B.C. A Greek inventor named Hero of Alexandra invented one of the first devices that successfully employed the principles to essential rocket flight. This was a device that was kind of like a rocket called aeolipile. Hero used steam as a propulsive gas for his machine. To make his machine Hero mounted asphere on top of a water kettle. He made a fire under the water kettle and the fire turned the water into steam. The gas then traveled through a sphere. The steam could escape out of the sphere by going through two L-shaped tubs on opposite sides of the sphere. When the steam escaped through the tubs it caused the sphere to thrust and rotate.

<span style="color: #00fb98; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 12pt;">It is not known when the first true rockets appeared but there are stories early rocket like devices. The first use of true rockets was in 1232. The Chinese and the were at war with each other. The Chinese used a simple form of a solid-propellant rocket. It is not clear on how well these rockets worked but they must have been powerful for the time being. After this war the Mongols made rockets of there own. It is possible that this caused the spread of rockets to Europe. All through the 13th and 15th centuries there where many different experiments involving rockets. Roger Bacon Improved forms of gunpowder that made rockets fly a farther distance and Jean Froissart found a way to make more accurate flights. In 1890 Konstantin Tsiolkovsky introduced the idea of launching rockets up to space to explore by using liquid propellants. In 1882-1945 Robert H. Goddard became interested in a way in making higher altitudes than where possible for lighter-than-air balloons.

<span style="color: #00fb98; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 12pt;"> On October 4, 1957, news went out that a satellite launched by soviet union was orbiting the earth. The satellite was shaped like a sphere and it had four radiating radio antennae. After the first satellite the United States made a satellite of it's own. In October 1958 the united States organized its space program by creating the national aeronautics and space administration or NASA. NASA's goal was to become a civilian agency with the goal of peaceful space exploration for the benefit of all.



__** Rocket Experiment and Launch **__ -The **nose cone** is helpful because it guides the airflow around the rocket

-The **body Tube** is the main structural part of the rocket. On our rocket it is a paper tube

-The **recovery system** helps the rocket land safely on the earth

-The **recovery wadding** protects the recovery system from any hot ejection charge gasses.

-The **launch lug** guides the rocket of the launch pad and makes sure it goes straight up

-The **fines** help the rocket continue to go straight up while it is in the air.

-The **motor** **mount** holds the rocket motor in place

-The **motor** is the power that makes the rocket go up. It is a safe and non-reusable.

The purpose of this experiment was to see if the mass of a rocket affected how far it flew. There where eight groups of people creating rockets. We all created the same rocket and did the same things. The only thing we did different to our rockets was paint them. We all painted our rockets different ways which caused them to have different masses. We all formed a hypostases on how the mass would affect the rockets flight. I thought that the lighter the rocket the higher it would fly unless the rocket was too light. The highest mass was 48.4 and the lowest was 44.0 when all the groups where done building there rockets and painting them we all went outside to launch our rockets. We used a trundle wheel to measure 100 m away from the lunching area. Once they got there the group there would measure the angles of the rockets Mas altitude. One group would launch there rocket while another group would measure the angle of the rocket at max altitude. Surprisingly we all got different results and we thought we might have gotten different results because of the different masses of our rockets.

After we launched all of the rockets we went inside and recorded all of our data. We recorded how high each of the rockets flew. Then we made a scatter chart. After that we thought about the mass of the rockets and how it affected the rockets flights. I thought that the mass did not affect the rockets flight because one groups rocket was 45.5 g but it only flew 60.1 m. A different groups rockets mass was 44.2 and it flew the highest at 101.8 m. both of the rocket masses where really close but they both flew really different heights. This is why I think that the mass had little affect on how high the rocket flew.



__ Rover Drop Vehicle __ The design of our rover drop vehicle included a gallon plastic bag, two balloons, three pieces of paper, three paper towels, bubble rap, two Dixie cups, and tape. My lab partner and I crumpled up the paper and paper towels and put them inside the plastic bag at the bottom. Then we placed a sheet of bubble rap on top of that and taped the bubble rap the inside of the bag. After that we placed the two Dixie cups on the inside sides of the bubble rap. We planned to put the apple sauce jar inside that area between the two Dixie cups. Next we blew up our two balloons to a medium size and taped them to the sides of our plastic bag. Our rover drop vehicle is what me and my lab partner are holding in the picture below. We designed our rover drop vehicle like this because we thought that the paper, paper towels and the bubble rap would soften up the inside and would make it harder for the apple sauce to break. We used the Dixie cups to keep the apple sauce in place and finally we used the balloons to make the fall of the plastic bag slower. We thought that the balloons would increase the fall time of the rover drop vehicle and the other things in the gallon bag would soften the fall. When we went out to throw our rover drop vehicle something unexpected happened. The rover drop vehicle began to spin a little while it was in the air causing it to land on its side. The problem with this was that we expected the device to land on it's bottom not the side. The sides of our rover drop vehicle did not have as much protection as the bottom. Even though this happened the apple sauce was still safe and it easily cam out. Though our rover drop vehicle was a success I would add more "soft things" to the side of our rover drop vehicle if we ever did it again. Over all our rover drop vehicle was a success because the apple sauce did not break and we could get the apple sauce out easily. __ Robots __ <span style="color: #00fb98; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ancient robots: Robots are a modern thing. There where not many robots being created in the far past, but the idea of robots has been around for a long time. In 320 BC A Greek philosopher named Aristotle created this famous quote, “If every tool, when ordered, or even of its own accord, could do the work that befits it... then there would be no need either of apprentices for the master workers or of slaves for the lords". This is where the idea of Robots begin. Later around 1495 Leonardo da Vinci sketched plans for a humanoid robot. Between 1700 and 1900 lots of life-sized automations where made. One example is a famous mechanical duck. The mechanical duck was made by Acques de Vaucanson and it could flap its wings, crane its neck, and even eat food! This invention might not seem like a big deal now but back then it was one of the first "robots" ever made. I said robots in parentheses because in my opinion the mechanical duck is not quite a robot. In 1913 a man named Henry Ford installed the worlds first moving convertor belt-based assembly line in is car factory. This is where the idea of using robotics for factories might have happened. In 1932 the first true toy robot was produced. It was produced in japan and it was a wind-up toy that stood 15cm tall and was made from tin plate. As you can see robots started out small and grew over time.

<span style="color: #db344f; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Modern robots: <span style="color: #db344f; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Today robots are useful for many things. We know much more about robots than we did in the past, and because of this we are able to make much more advanced robots than we had in the past. Robots are used for many things today such as, underwater exploration, volcano exploration, Robots that help the elderly, Robots that deal with hazardous materials, Robots that help with surgery and robots that explore different planets. These are just a few of the uses of robots. When something is too dangerous or we don't know if something is dangerous we can make a robot to investigate. We can use robots to explore areas we cannot get to. We can use robots for all kids of things!

__ Robot Motors and Sensors __ Programing a robot can be fun but also difficult. To make the robot move you must attach a motor to the robot. This motor can make the robot move in different ways which is why the Motor is very important. The motor can make the robot move forward different lengths or rotation. The motor can also make the robot accelerate. The motor also can make the robot turn left or right. These turns can be curve turns or point turns. You can also make the robot go backwards and stop. Those where just a few of the things you can do with the motor. Sense the robot can do so many different movements it is important you program the robot the right way. Even the smallest thing can make the robot do something completely different than you wanted it to do. This is why using the motor and programing a robot can be difficult at times especially when you want the robot to do more complex things. The definition of a sensor is a device that detects or measures a physical property and records, indicates, or otherwise responds to it. Robots need different sensors to do different things. One sensor is a sound sensor. You attach the sensor to the robot and then you can do even more things with your robot. You can make the robot stop and start when you clap your hands. You can make the robot back away when it hears loud sounds and move forward when it hears little to no sound. The sound sensor allows the robot to do much more. Another sensor is called the touch sensor. This sensor lets the robot "feel" things. With this sensor you can make the robot back away, turn or even accelerate after it feeling something. A different sensor you can use is called the ultrasonic sensor. This sensor can make the robot "see". You can make the robot sense things. With this you can make the robot stop in front of something in front of it. That is only one example you can do many more things with this sensor. The last sensor we used was a light sensor. With this sensor you could make the robot stay on the line of a dark path and a light path. You could also male the robot follow the light that was given of from a different thing. Overall there are many sensors that you can add to robots and they all can make the robot do different things.

__ Geology on Mars __ Minerals can be identified in many different ways. This is good because some minerals can look alike and you wouldn't want to mistake one mineral for another. On way to identify minerals is the color and luster of the mineral. Different minerals have different colors and different luster and you can identify minerals by nique color and luster. The problem with this way to identify minerals is that some minerals can have similar colors and luster to each other and it is hard to tell them apart. This is why geologist use other ways to identify minerals. A different way to identify a mineral is by it's hardness. You can determine the hardness of a mineral by using the Mohs Scale. Using the Mohs Scale the hardness of a material can be determined by scratching one material against another. If one mineral is harder than another, it will leave a scratch on the surface of the mineral that is less hard. If the hardness of a material is unknown it can be determined by scratching it against known minerals. Another way to determine the identity of a mineral is the streak test. A streak test is one tool that geologists use to determine the identityf a mineral. The “streak” is the color of the mineral in powdered form. Some minerals are magnetic and that is another way to determine a mineral. Light refraction is another way to determine a mineral. When light passes through a transparent solid the light is slightly bent or refracted as it travels through the material. The way light is refracted through a mineral can help identify it. One unique way that geologists identify minerals is by shining ultraviolet or UV light on them. Some rocks fluoresce and other don't which is another way to determine the mineral. Some minerals react when they come in contact with a strong acid, such as hydrochloric acid. When a strong acid comes in contact with a mineral containing carbonate, bubbles will appear. This is another way to determine a mineral. Curiosity is a NASA rover that is currently traveling to mars. This rover will be able to preform geology experiments on mars. Curiosity is also known as the MSL which stands for Mars Science laboratory. Curiosity can drill into rocks on mars and collect powder form those rocks. Then curiosity delivers the powder to two small laboratories that are inside the rover. From there we can determine what minerals are present as well as chemical elements. This is core information that scientist need to figure out if mars was a habitable environment.