Sarah+H+SFLOM


 * WIKI ENTRY ONE: Electricity **

Electricity is a entity of nature that is caused by atoms being negatively and positively charged and then reacting. There are three types of electricity. The three types are static, discharge and current. Static electricity is electricity that's built up over time. Discharge is when electricity has been given off of something. A current is a continuous stream of electricity. Electricity is used in many different things.
 * Electricity In General **

Many of these things would be helpful for space travel. When you're in space you would need lights, oxygen communications and many more things. All of these things use electricity. The most efficient way to get electricity in space would most likely be to use batteries or to use solar power. Solar power would be efficient because the sun is always supplying a continuous current of energy. However, if a planet or something else is obstructing the sun then batteries would come in handy. Electricity would be useful in space for many reasons.
 * Electricity In Space **

**WIKI ENTRY TWO: Magnetism**

**Magnetism In General** Magnetism is when electrons have a north pole and a south pole and are attracted to each other. This only happens when all of the electrons are neatly lined up. Magnetism is currently saving the world. If it weren't for magnetism, particles from the sun would have destroyed most life on Earth. Earth's magnetic field either deflects the particles, or it drags the particles into the magnetic field. Magnetism is also used for navigation. It's used in navigation because the magnetic needles in compasses point to the planets north and south poles. This can be helpful if you get lost. Magnetism is also used for transportation. Many trains nowadays use magnetism and float above the tracks. These trains can go extremely fast because the only resistance they encounter is air resistance. Magnetism is used for many things. 

**Magnetism On Mars** Magnetism would be useful in space for many reasons. For one thing, it could be used for navigation. It could be used for navigation so that whatever was on the planet would know where they were. Magnetism would also be at work when it stopped the sun's particles from destroying Mars. Not to mention magnetism could be used for transportation. If people didn't want to leave tracks then they could set up a magnetic strip and have something that hovers over it. This would make sure that no tracks were left and that Mars was not disturbed. Magnetism could have many uses on Mars. 


 * WIKI ENTRY THREE: A Crash Course In Astronomy **

//From Big Bangs To Galaxies // 15 billion years ago there was nothing, than the big bang happened. After the big bang, the universe continued to expand and the temperature dropped. After a tenth of a second the universe went from being the size of an atom to the size of the Earth. After the temperature had dropped, matter started being created. There was also antimatter, but there was more matter than antimatter so planets were formed. Two billion years later galaxies started forming out of the matter. Gravity pulled the matter together to create the galaxies. There are three types of galaxies; spiral, elliptical and irregular. When galaxies collide they often create spiral galaxies. In the future our galaxy may collide with another galaxy.

//The Milky Way Galaxy // <span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">The Milky Way is our galaxy. There's a disc of stars around the center of the galaxy. The center of our galaxy is the center of a spiral because our galaxy is a spiral galaxy. At the center of the disc of stars there's most likely a black hole. At the very edge of our galaxy a dwarf galaxy is merging with the Milky Way.

//<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Lives Of The Stars // <span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">A star lives an interesting life. It's formed when a cloud of gas clumps together. Gravity pulls this matter closer together and a star is born. The brightest type of star is a blue star, they shine 1,000 times brighter than our sun. the oranger the star the cooler the temperature is. When a star starts to run out of hydrogen the star starts to die. The star doubles in size when it runs out of hydrogen and the color changes. As it dies it becomes bigger and bigger and shines brighter and brighter. Then it shrinks until it becomes a white dwarf star. Larger stars die differently. These stars get much bigger and eventually turn yellow. They pulse bigger and smaller as their structure becomes unstable. They start to lose material as they get bigger and bigger. At some point the core collapse and the star becomes less than 50 kilometers across. Then the rest of the material explodes outwards, this causes a shockwave and creates a supernova.

//<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">The Sun // <span style="color: purple; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Our sun is the closest star to Earth. It’s a big ball of gas made up mostly of hydrogen and helium. The sun has a corona which radiates off of the sun. The corona can be see extremely well during eclipses and is millions of degrees in temperature. The sun’s surface is covered in hot gas, jets of this gas occasionally shoot up like flames. These jets can be thousands of kilometers tall. There are also sun spots on the sun’s surface. These sun spots appear darker because they're a couple 1000 degrees cooler than their surroundings. Solar flares can blast the suns atomic particles as far as the Earth and sometimes beyond. The Earth's magnetic field deflects most of these particles. The sun has a magnetic field too, the sun spots are caused by the suns magnetic field.

//<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">History Of The Solar System // <span style="color: #4b0082; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">The solar system started when solid materials clumped together. The clumps far from the sun became icy planets and the planets near the sun became the warm planets. Uranus, Neptune, Saturn and Jupiter were originally fighting for space. These planets had enough mass to make their own orbit and disks. Many of the warm planets originally formed were roasted, both from their proximity to the sun and because of the radiation in their cores. The icy planets became comets if they got to close to the sun, one of these comets was the comet that killed the dinosaurs. The atmospheres of some planets protected them a little, but most planets acquired their atmospheres late on. It's possible that their atmospheres were formed by the gases found in volcanoes.


 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 21px;">WIKI ENTRY FOUR: The History Of Rockets **

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">The idea of rockets started with the Chinese. They would often light tubes of gunpowder to use at celebrations. The idea of rockets may have come to the Chinese when these tubes accidentally flew places. The first recorded mention of rockets in history was in 1232 when the Mongols were attacking the Chinese and the Chinese used fire arrows to shoot at their enemies. After that rocketry progressed a significant amount. These first, early rockets were used only as weapons and for warfare.

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">In 1898 Konstantin Tsiolkovsky became the first person to propose the ides of rocket as space transportation. He suggested many ideas including the ideas of liquid propellant and how far a rocket could go. After this rockets became more useful for exploration than for war. After Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, there was Robert Goddard. He came up with ideas on how to build a liquid propelled rocket. On March 16th, 1926 he finally succeeded in building a successful liquid powered rocket. This opened up the doorway for many other people to try and build rockets.

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Many countries experimented with these rockets and the rockets became a source of weaponry once again. The V-2 was a rocket developed by Germany and used against the British in WW2. The USA then took part and started experimenting with different long range missiles. Many of these missiles were eventually designed to carry astronauts into space.

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">The first astronauts weren't humans, they were dogs. These dogs lasted for up to a week in space before the oxygen supply ran out. Once scientists realized that it was safe they started sending humans up. That was the start of the space exploration program. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: 0px; overflow: hidden;">




 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 21px;">WIKI ENTRY FIVE: The Rocket Experiment **

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<span style="color: #000999; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">The purpose of this experiment was to see how the different weights of the rockets affected how high the rocket flew. The rockets were built from scratch and were, originally, identical. After they were built they were painted with different designs. The paint affected the weight of the rocket. After they were built they were launched off of a launch pad. The angle that the rocket went up was measured from 100 meters away. Using trigonometry the height that the rocket flew was calculated and recorded. The results concluded that the lighter rockets went up higher than the heavier rockets. However, if the rocket was too light than it did not fly quite as high. In conclusion, the mass of the rocket does affect how far up it can fly. <span style="color: #000999; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: 0px; overflow: hidden;"> <span style="color: #000887; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">The rocket that my partner and I built flew up 91.6 feet. The rocket that we built was identical to the other rockets. When we were adding mass to the rocket by painting it we painted it with acrylic paint. This added mass to our rocket as well as deteriorating how aero-dynamic it was. To improve our rocket's flight we should have given it a smoother paint job. It took a little while for our rocket to launch, but once it did it flew straight up. After we pressed the button it flew up 91.6 feet. At it's apogee the parachute opened like it was supposed to and our rocket came down. It landed at the far end of the baseball field.Aside from a broken fin our rocket landed like it was supposed to. In conclusion, aside from hot gluing the fins on better and giving it a smoother paint job I don’t think that was a lot that we could've done to make it's flight better.

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 31.5px;">**WIKI ENTRY SIX: Rover Drop**

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Our egg vehicle safely landed and our egg was unharmed. As you can see in our picture, their were two main parts to our vehicle, the padding and the parachute. The padding that we placed around the egg was enough to stop the egg from cracking and also helped us to quickly remove the egg. Even though our egg safely landed, our parachute didn’t function like it should have and the egg still had a hard impact. We built our vehicle like we did so that it would have a lot of padding around it to cushion the eggs fall. There wasn’t a top to the vehicle and the egg just had to fit snugly. We did that so that it would be able to come out easily. We included the parachute to increase air resistance which would slow down the egg. To improve our design we should include something that would slow the egg down on the bottom, like a balloon. The thrust from the balloon could reduce the impact and if the balloon bounced than that would also reduce the impact.

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 31.5px;">**WIKI ENTRY SEVEN: The History Of Robots**

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Robots first started in ancient Greece. The ancient Hero of Alexandria wrote texts about automated machines that could be capable of movement. The ancient Greeks and Romans developed simple automatons that did small tasks. These were the foundation for robots today. The first industrial robot was made in the 1950's and was an automated arm. The Industrial revolution caused many more robots to be manufactured. Many of these robots took the place of peoples jobs and increased the amount of product. The Industrial Revolution was the beginning of modern robots. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: 0px; overflow: hidden;">

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Robots today are used for many different things. They are used in the military, to help teach, in medicinal departments and for therapy. Robots are often used for surgery as they are small and less likely to make a mistake than a human. Robots were often fantasized as things of evil, but they're actually quite good and are extremely helpful in today's society. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: 0px; overflow: hidden;">

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 31.5px;">**WIKI ENTRY EIGHT: Programming Robots**

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">A motor is what controls a machine. The motor runs the machine and causes it to different things, it is the machines brain. The motor can be programmed with various commands. These commands cause the machine to do different things. The robot can go forwards, backwards and in any direction as long as it is programmed correctly. The programming is in a code that the robot understands and this causes the robot to move. The motors cause the robot to move but can often be hard to communicate with. If they are not programmed exactly then they will not respond as you expect them too. Motors can be helpful but also have their downfalls. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">A sensor is something that senses the surroundings. They can sense sounds, distances, light and even touch. Sensors can be instrumental I helping robots. If, for example, you wanted your robot to not fall off of a table than a touch sensor, and a light sensor would both be very helpful. You might also want your robot to go away from loud noises which you could also program it to do. Sensors are very helpful in robots.

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">There are many ways that a mineral can be identified. It can be identified by it's hardness, it's color, if it's magnetic, it's streak color, light refractions, UV light and their chemical properties. Scientists often first try to identify a mineral based on it's color but this rarely works, as most minerals can look similar. The hardness can help identify different minerals because similar looking minerals often have different hardness's. Magnetism can also be quite useful in identifying different minerals because only a few minerals are magnetic. The streak color is helpful because a mineral can look identical to another but have different streak colors. Light refractions and UV light can help narrow down the options but are not always helpful in determining what each mineral is. Lastly, another popular method used by scientists is to test a minerals chemical properties. This is helpful in identifying different minerals because everything has slightly different chemical properties. Minerals be identified using many different methods. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Curiosity has the MSL, the Mars Science Laboratory. This laboratory analyzes rocks. It grinds the rocks into a powder and analyzes the dust. It also takes photos of the planet that can be sent back to Earth. Curiosity doesn't just explore rocks, it also explores landforms. Scientists back on Earth analyze these landforms to get information out of them. Curiosity is very helpful in doing geology on Mars.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 21px;">WIKI ENTRY NINE: Geology **