Preston+G+SFLOM

=Wiki Entry: Electricity - Search For Life on Mars =

====Electricity is a form of energy. Electricity is the flow of electrons. All matter is made up of atoms, and an atom has a center, called a nucleus. The nucleus contains positively charged particles called protons and uncharged particles called neutrons. The nucleus of an atom is surrounded by negatively charged particles called electrons. The negative charge of an electron is equal to the positive charge of a proton, and the number of electrons in an atom is usually equal to the number of protons. When the balancing force between protons and electrons is upset by an outside force, an atom may gain or lose an electron. When electrons are lost from an atom, the free movement of these electrons constitutes an electric current. Electricity figures everywhere in our lives. Electricity lights up our homes, cooks our food, powers our computers, television sets, and other electronic devices. Electricity from batteries keeps our cars running and makes our flashlights shine in the dark. ====

=Wiki Entry 2: How Magnetism Can Help Us On Our Search For Life On Mars =

Magnetism refers to physical phenomena arising from the force between magnets, objects that produce fields that attract or repel other objects. All materials experience magnetism, some more strongly than others. Permanent magnets    , made from materials such as iron , experience the strongest effect. There are three types of of magnetism which is    magnetic fields    , atoms, and electromagnetism. A magnetic field is a region around a magnetic material or a moving electric charge within which the force of magnetism acts. Atoms have magnetic charge which can be created by rubbing a balloon on your head. Electromagnetism is the interaction of electric currents or fields and magnetic fields.

Magnetism can be used on Mars if you wanted to find Mars north, west, south or east using a compass. You can also use magnetism to find other rocks or minerals on Mars that might be magnetic, so if you had a magnet and went over a rock/mineral and you felt some sort of attraction or you could feel the magnet and mineral repel than it has some sort of magnetism in it.

= Wiki Entry 3: Video Notes =

The    first video     was called, From Big Bang to Galaxies, and was talking about how the the universe had started from a big bang. Some interesting facts from the video, From the Big Bang to Galaxies, were that the universe had started about 15 billion years ago. Also our universe had exploded out of nothing and this was called the Big Bang. About 2 million years after the   Big Band    the galaxy began. The galaxies were placed according to their shape. Another interesting fact was that when the universe had just been created it was small but then gradually became much bigger. In the beginning the universe was very hot. Our galaxy formed when the universe was about 3 billion years old. It was believed the earth formed from the size of an atom to the size it is now.

The   second video     was called, The Milky Way Galaxy, and was talking about all the different types of galaxies like our galaxy which is called the Milky Way Galaxy and how all the galaxies work. Some interesting facts from this video was that on a clear dark dark night the milky way arches across the sky and how the milky way is an insiders view of our galaxy. The whole galaxy is turning, but each star and gas cloud is in it's own orbit. The sun takes 250 billion years to go around the galaxy once. The spiral arms of the galaxy is where matter piles up. The way our galaxy rotates show that it is surrounded by a corona containing more material than what we actually see. The galaxy might be much bigger than we see it and gravity of the dark matter is pulling on the stars we see.

The third video was called, Lives of Stars, and was talking about all the different types of stars like our closest star which is called the sun and the birth, life, and death of all the stars in universe. Some interesting facts from this video was that stars form in cold darkness of gas and dust and big stars form and change much quicker than smaller ones. The most massive stars in the universe are usually a bluish white color. Another interesting fact is that some massive stars are about 40 times more massive and about 20 times bigger than the entire sun. Our sun formed about 5 billion years ago by a cloud and has stayed here ever since then.

The fourth video was called, The Sun, and unlike the past video which was talking about stars and their life this video is talking about one star called the Sun and it's life. Some interesting facts from this video was that the sun like all the stars is just a ball of hot gas. The sun is a star, no different than any other star in the universe, it's just that it's much nearer to our planet. Another interesting fact about the sun it that it forms a corona which is visible, only when there is an eclipse though. The sun's central core is about 15 million degrees and the gs is about 20 times denser than iron. The earth magnetic field funnel the particles that come from the downwards and into space. A cool fact is that the sun actually spins itself about once a month.

The fifth and final video was called, The History of the Solar System, which talks about the entire solar system and how it was created and what is inside of the Solar System. Some interesting facts from this video was that the sun like all the other stars in the universe were formed when gravity pulled together a cloud of gas and dust. In the inner solar system there were so many collisions for large planets to form until eventually the rest of the were formed. After a while Jupiter, Neptune, Saturn, and Uranus, grew a disc of their own which a moon or moons orbited. Venus, Earth, and Mar enquired their atmospheres at a later stage. The moon was probably created by a catastrophic collision between the newly formed earth and another planet about the size of Mars.

=Wiki Entry 4: Passage Notes =

The first ever rocket made which was called aeolipile made in 100 B.C. by a Greek Inventor named Hero of Alexandria which used steam as a propulsive gas and the sphere was mounted on top of a water kettle .Then a fire below the kettle turned the water into steam, and the gas traveled through pipes to the sphere. Two L-shaped tubes on opposite sides of the sphere which allowed the gas to escape, and in doing so it gave a thrust to the sphere that made it rotate. Most of the other kinds of rockets that came later on was made by the Chinese. The first type of rocket the chinese built were the chinese fire arrows which they soon discovered that the gunpowder tubes could launch themselves by the power of the escaping gas.

The first thought of rocketry was by a Russian schoolteacher who proposed the idea of space exploration by rocket. Around the early 20th century many small rocket scientist sprang up around the world, In Germany, the formation of one such society, the Verein fur Raumschiffahrt (Society for Space Travel), led to the development of the V-2 rocket, which was used against London during World War 1. The first satellite called the Sputnik which means satellite in Russian and was launched by the soviet union. Soon, many people and machines were being launched into space. Astronauts orbited Earth and launched on the Moon. Robot spacecrafts traveled to the planets. Since the earliest days of discovery and experimentation, rockets have evolved from simple gunpowder devices into giant vehicles capable of traveling into outer space. Rockets have opened the universe to direct exploration by humankind.



=Wiki Entry 5: Rocket Experiment =

__The purpose of the experiment was to see how high a custom built rocket could fly depending on it's weight or how the inventors had built their rocket. This experiment with shooting the rockets high started with the starter set and the electric igniter which once hooked up right the light bulb on the igniter start to light when the key was pushed down. Once everything was in place you needed there to be students 100 meters away finding out the altitude the rocket flew and then your ready to launch.__

__Now to launch the rocket sky high you needed to push the key of the igniter down and another button that launched the rocket at them same time. Usually there were a few problems with launching the rockets which also happen to my group. Once you press the buttons down at the same time it sends the rocket straight up and you can even smell the gas coming from it once it launches. The last stage of the rocket is when it stops flying and then comes down. That is when the nose cone comes off and the parachute comes out landing the rocket gently.__



= Wiki Entry 6: Mars Rover Drop =

Our rover drop vehicle have a paper parachute which was supposed to minimize the drop speed of the vehicle so it didn't have such a hard landing. Also our rover's cushion was the bubble wrap which we wrap around the cup which was holding the egg with rubber bands and popsicle sticks on top of the cup so the egg wouldn't fall out. We also had a inflated plastic bag on the bottom of our rover for a softer landing. We threw our rover over the fence which turned it sideways so it landed on its side which was bad for the egg because it didn't have enough cushion for a soft enough landing that didn't crack the egg. We did succeed in recovering our robot in less than 45 seconds even though our egg had cracked. If we were able to make any modifications we would add balloons to decrease it's falling speed. We would like to add if we could water so we can put it in a bag which could hold the egg for the drop which should also have a soft landing.

= Wiki Entry 7: Robot History =

A robot is a machine capable of carrying out a complex series of actions automatically, especially one programmable by a computer. Some historical facts about the robot is in 1913 when Henry Ford installed the world's first moving conveyor belt-based assembly line in his factory. A Model T can be assembled in 93 minutes. Another historical fact about robot is in 1957 when the Soviet Union launched ‘Sputnik’, the first artificial orbiting satellite. Also in 1994 Carnegie Universities eight-legged walking robot, Dante ll, successfully descends into Mt Spur to collect volcanic gas samples. You can even earn a degree in colleges now for robotics like the Carnegie-Mellon University.

<span style="background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0);">The modern uses for robots are now in automobiles industry where are pretty much dominated by robots. There are multiple industrial robots functioning on fully automated production lines. The also use robot is packaging. There are robots which are used largely for palletizing and packaging of manufactured products. The packaging done using real robots is of very high quality because there are almost no chances of any human error. Also the are use of robots in electronics and are mainly in the mass-production printed circuit boards, PCBs with full accuracy, and reliability.

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= Wiki Entry 8: Programming Robots =

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The motor of the robot can be controlled completely when programming the robot to do it's actions. For example you can control which way you wanted the robot to turn and if you wanted a point turn or a curve turn. You also control the basic things like just moving forward and moving backwards and doing cool things with all of it actions like driving in a square. Some of the functions of the robot and its motor is doing things, with programming of course, other than driving skills like turning, moving forward, and stopping. It can also use it's display and make sounds, with sensors like the touch sensor, sound sensor, ultrasonic sensor, and light sensor it can be a lot.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The sensors are one of the main parts of the robot and helps it doing different things with every sensor. All the sensor can help the robot do a different action like the ultrasonic sensor can detect when something is in front of the robot so it can then stop or turn and keep moving. The touch sensor is close to ultrasonic sensor but is touches objects to see if a object is in front of the robot so with it is can stop or turn and keep moving is something is in front of it. The light sensor can detect a change of color and run a black line if it detects it. The sound sensor can stop or turn when it hears a loud or quiet sound so you can control it with have to do much programing or have it to detect whether something is in front of it or not.



= Wiki Entry 9: Geology on Mars =

To help with identification, geologists must look closely at the physical properties of a mineral. These properties can include: color, streak, hardness, and cleavage. Some minerals can be recognized by their color: azurite is always a deep blue and malachite is green. A streak test is accomplished by rubbing the mineral on a porcelain plate, also known as a streak plate. The color of the streak left by the mineral is sometimes different from the color of the mineral itself. Hardness is a measure of a mineral’s resistance to abrasion. A numerical value for hardness is determined using a scale that ranges from 1 (softest) to 10 (hardest). Cleavage can be observed in minerals that tend to break along one or more flat surfaces or planes.



The wheeled robot called Curiosity is being sent to Mars and some of the things Curiosity will be doing is doing geology. Some ways that Curiosity does geology on mars is by drilling into rocks and collecting powder from the rocks, then delivering the powder to two large chemistry labs inside of Curiosity. When the powder is put inside Curiosity's labs it determines what minerals are present as well as what chemical elements were present. Curiosity also sends back to Earth pictures of the surface of Mars through its 3d lenses.