Kaylah+B+SFLOM


 * Types And Uses Of Electricity **

===Electricity is a fundamental entity of nature consisting of negative and positive kinds, observable in the attractions and repulsion of bodies electrified by friction and in natural phenomena, and usually utilized in the form of electric currents. There are three different types of electricity static, current, and discharge. Static electricity is an imbalance of electric charge due to rubbing two objects together causing the removal of electrons. An example of static electricity is when you become negatively charged because you gain electrons while walking across the floor and then when you come close to something that is positively charged you get shocked. An electric current is the flow of electric charge in a controlled manner. An example of an electric current would be the wires in your home that provide the electric current for your TV, computer, microwave. etc. Electric discharge is rapid movement of charge from one place to another. An example of Electric discharge would be the shock you feel when your become negatively charged and touch something that is positively charged. These are the three different types of electricity ===

===If I went to Mars in search of life I would bring a lot electric powered appliances. I would bring a remote controlled Rover with a camera and microphone on it. With the camera you could see everywhere the Rover went and with the microphone you could hear everything the Rover picked up on. I would bring a drill so I could drill wherever and for whatever depending on the situation. I would bring a space suit with an oxygen tank attached to it so I could traverse through mars and be able to breath while doing so. Those would be the electric powered appliances I would bring to mars with me. ===

=Types And Uses Of Magnetism =


 * Magnetism is the ability of a magnet to attract and repel objects. Magnets can attract, repel, and line up the domains of objects with the ability to be magnetized. If you had a magnet and put the magnet near another magnet then it would repel or attract the object depending on what poles were facing each other. Like poles repel and opposite poles attract. A magnet can magnetize a paper clip temporarily. When the magnet is brought close to the paper clip the paper clip is attracted to the magnet. If the magnet is strong enough the magnet will line up the domains of the paper clip and the paper clip would become temporarily magnetized. Those are three examples magnetism can have on object. **



I f I went to mars in search for life I would use magnetism in three different ways. First, I would use magnetism to create a magnetic field to protect myself and keep anything harmful away from myself. Second, I would use magnetism to attract anything that was magnetic. If I couldn't see the object that object would be attracted to the magnet. Third, I would use Magnetism for a compass because all you need to make a compass is a magnet and a needle. I could use the compass to have a sense of direction. Those are the three different ways I would use magnetism in search for life on mars.



** C r a s h C o u r s e A s t r o n o m y **

**Big Bang to Galaxies**

3 billion years ago our galaxy was formed Our galaxy started as a sphere of gas. The earth started out smaller that an atomic nucleus. The earth then started to slowly inflate because of a dense mixture of radiant energy and particles such as quarks, Anti quarks, and energy. Electron, protons, and neutrons started to form and many other things. Electrons hinder radiation and create fog. Anti-matter and matter were created from the radiation and then turned back into energy. When the earth's temperature got down to 3000 K (Kelvin) electrons started to orbit protons and hydrogen nuclei and combined to create atoms. 2 million years later after the earth was formed galaxies then started to form.


 * The Milky Way Galaxy **

The Milky Way is flat disks of stars 100 light years across and 200 light years thick. The Milky Way is mostly made of gas and dust. In the middle of the Milky Way there is a bulge where everything spirals out from. Four Spirals wind out from the bulge. In the central of the bulge the stars are red and orange because the stars are packed very tightly. The nucleus of the bulge is dark hole surrounded by gas and dust. The Milky Way galaxy is 5 times bigger than it appears.

**Lives of Stars**

A blast from an exploding star causes clumps or cores. Each core gradually attract as gravity pulls it together. Each core rotates, in the other center the collapse accelerates. Energy from the falling gas heats up the core. The temperature gets hot enough for nuclei reaction to start. Stars spin faster as they shrink down and flatten out into a disk and the dust surrounding the star clears away. Stars turn hydrogen gas into helium and that's what gives them energy. Most massive stars are a bluish-white around 40,00 degrees. Some stars are 40 times more massive that the sun.

**The Sun** The sun is a ball of hot gas. 76% of the sun is hydrogen and most of he rest is helium. The sun has a lot of sun spots. The sun spots on the sun look dark because the temperature of the whole is a thousand times cooler than it's surrounding. The spins every month. Each magnetic field is tied in to the fabric of the sun, as it turn the field gets more and more wound up. Sun spots form where fields loop out through the surface. This process takes about 11 years.

**History of the Solar System**

In the disk the sun was formed in solid material which started collecting into larger and larger particles.The particles accumulated into clumps known as planitisimals. Icy planitisimals survived far from the sun where it was the coldest. Planitisimals close to the sun were mostly made of rock. Planitisimals collide to make bigger objects or collide and break into smaller pieces. Some Planitisimals turn into planets, such as Earth, Mercury, the Moon, and Venus. Those planets grew there own rings. Icy planitisimals become comets when touch or get near the sun. The rings around the planets are the cause of loose planitisimals being torn apart if they get close.

= = = **A Brief History of Rockets ** =

How does the Hero Engine Work ?

The Hero Engine was named after a Greek inventor named Hero of Alexandria. Close to 100 B.C Alexandria used steam as a propulsive gas. Hero put a large sphere on the top of the water kettle. The fire underneath the kettle vaporized the water, and the gas traveled through pipes to the sphere. The two L-shaped tubes on opposite sides of the sphere allowed gas to escape. This gave a thrust to the sphere which caused it to rotate. This is how the Hero Engine works.



Who developed the V-2 rocket and for what purpose ? The V-2 rocket was invented by Robert H. Goddard early in the 20th century. The V-2 rocket in Germany called the a-4, was used against London during World War II. With Germany falling a lot of unused V-2 rockets and other components were captured by the Allies. A lot German rocket scientists came to the United states and others went to the Soviet Union. The German scientist were astounded at the progress Goddard had made. The United States and the Soviet Union recognized the potential of rocketry as a military weapon. Both sides began a variety of experimental programs.





The purpose of the experiment was to learn how a rocket worked and to launch a rocket ourselves. We learned the steps it takes for a rocket to launch and the different components that work together to make the rocket launch. There are 6 steps for a rocket to launch. , the engine gets started. Second, the rocket lifts off. Third, is coasting where the rocket's engine stops and the rocket keeps moving. Fourth, is Apogee which is the peak of the flight. Fifth, is Ejection this is when the parachute is ejected. Sixth, is Recovery where the rocket starts gliding down back to the ground and is ready to fly again.

Yes, the mass of the rocket affected the altitude of the rocket. There were 8 rockets flown, each rocket was painted differently and had different amounts of paint on them. Each rocket was launched the same way with the same material, the only thing that was different on each rocket was the paint. People were assigned to measure the altitude of the rocket using an angle gun. The mass was different for each rocket. Though the rocket with the largest mass did not have the largest altitude and the rocket with the least mass did not have the least altitude. The mass of the rocket affected the altitude, but there was not any particular pattern.



=**Vehicle Landing Description**=

My partner and I designed a vehicle that slowed down and cushioned the fall of the baby food jar. We wrapped the baby jar in bubble wrap and concealed in a plastic cup with another plastic over it, these cups were taped together. We then attached multiply Popsicle taped together to one of the cups. Underneath the Popsicle sticks were two balloons partially blown up; these balloons were also taped together. Above the other cup was a string taped to the cup. The string is attached to a plastic bag (our parachute). We put pipe cleaners and Popsicle sticks around the inside of the bag to make sure it stayed open. The picture below shows our vehicle we created.



I think our vehicle worked well over all. I think the baby jar made the vehicle top-heavy, because of that the vehicle turned sideways and didn't land the way it was intended. If I could change our vehicle I would try to somehow make the vehicle not as heavy on the top so the vehicle would land (the right way) on the balloons to give it more cushion. I think our vehicle would have worked better if we had a lighter object to land so it would have not turned to its side. Other than that I think the vehicle landing went well.

A Muslim inventor named Al-Jazari designed and constructed multiple automatic machines, such as kitchen appliance, musical automata (self operating machine) powered by water, and the first programmable humanoid (robot shaped a human) robot in 1206. One of his robots was boat with four automatic musicians that floated on a lake to entertain guests at parties. This machine had a programmable drum machine with pegs that hit little levers that operate the sound. The robotic drummer could be made to play different sounds, patterns, and rhythms by moving the pegs to different locations. Al-Jazari invented many impressing machines. To the see the robotic drummer look to the picture below.



In 1877 the Brennan torpedo was invented by Louis Brennan. This machine was powered by contra-rotating propellers (high speed propellers) that were spun very quickly while pulling out wires from drums wound inside the torpedo. Different speeds on the wires connected to the shore station allowed the torpedo to be guided to it's target. This made it the world's first practical guided missile. John Ericsson, John Louis Lay, and Victor Von Scheliha invented the first guided torpedo, though Brennan's torpedo was much more simpler and accurate. That's why its know as the world's first practical guided missile. You can look below to see what the torpedo looked like.



=**Programming Robots:**=

Motors can be programmed differently to do different movements. One way to program a computer is thorough a computer. You have to hook the robot up to the computer using a cord. Then you use a app called Mindstorm, in this app you program the robot to do certain movements. You then download it onto the robot and let the robot follow through with the commands you give it. There are many different commands you can give the robot. There are many movements robots can programmed to do. You can Program it to move forward, backward, and turn. You an modify how much the robot turns, for how long, and in what direction. When programming the robot to move forward or backward you can determine how long or how far forward or backward the robot will move. You can program a robot to do a lot of different things. In class we were given a challenge similar to a obstacle course. Cones were put on a table and a course was set up for the robots to through the course. We had to program the robots to go through the course without knocking the cones over and without the robot falling of the table. Different courses were set up based on what we had learned about programming the robot to do things.



A sensor is a devise that receives and responds to signals. There are many different type of sensors that complete very different tasks. There are light sensors, color sensors, sound sensors, motion sensors, and ultrasonic sensors. All of these different types help robots complete tasks. If the robots had to go through something like obstacle courses the light sensors would help if it had to do with light. The Sound Sensors would help if you had to clap to make the rover turn or stop in the course. The motion sensors would help with motion and so on so forth. All of the sensors would help the rover in different ways. Sensors are very helpful on robots.

=**Geology to Mars:**=

You can Identify a mineral using seven different methods. The seven different methods are Color and Luster, Hardness, Streak, Magnetism, Light refraction, UV light, & Acid Tests. Using the method color and luster you make observations on the appearance of minerals and compare them with the appearance of other minerals. With the method Color and Luster you can only Identify so much about the minerals. If you use the method Color and Luster you will most likely have to use another method to clearly identify minerals.

Using the hardness method you find an object that you know the hardness for example a nail. Every mineral has an hardness. The hardness of mineral can be determined by scratching an object against a mineral. Depending on what scratches what determines which object is harder. If the mineral scratches the nail then the mineral is harder the nail and vice-versa. This is a good method to determine a minerals hardness.

Using the Streak Method you use so called plates. You use two different Plates, Plate A which is colored white and Plate B which is colored black. You then scratch different minerals on the both Plate A and Plate B. Some minerals make streaks on the Plate A and some make Streaks on Plate B or maybe even both. With this method you clearly determine the mineral using the Color and Luster Method.

The UV light Method is another great method to use to Identify minerals. Using the UV light method you shine a UV light on minerals. Some miner als fluoresce meaning the minerals absorb the UV light and then re-emits visible light. Not every mineral will do this. That's why you can identify some minerals by whether they fluoresce or not. There are a lot of different methods you can use to identify minerals.

The rover Curiosity will be able to perform geology experiments on Mars using this technique. Curiosity is to drill into rocks, collect pow der from those rocks and deliver that powder into two large laboratories that are located inside the rover. In the laboratory you determine what minerals are present and the chemical elements that are present. This will give the scientist important information they need to figure out whether Mars was a habitual environment.