Joya+L

= The Search For Life On Mars = By: Joya L

Our universe has been around for billions of years but do we know how it all started? The universe clumped of from an explosion of nothingness, the universe was unthinkably hot and much, much to tiny to see. Once it started to expand all the particles of matter begin to come to the universe. All the original matter [quarks, antiquarks, energy] became to morph into other particles throughout the temperature drop the end creation that it was morphed into was protons and neutrons. That process took under 5 minutes, but it still needed a few thousands of years to bring us what we know today. This whole proses was named The Big Bang and it brought us the galaxy we live in today. After the Big Bang galaxies began forming. They formed where there is a slight distribution problem and they go out in clumps. The action of gravity causes the clumps to grow and form other clusters like our sponge like cluster of our galaxy. There was gas coming out when these were formed though and half of the gas became stars while the other half because disc's around the center. Other that our galaxy many other formed too, with discs like ours. The discs or "arms" can be anything from tight and spiral to long and loose. In the early time galaxy's were very close and it was common to crash or merge with another. It is said that some time in the future our galaxy with merge/crash into the neighboring one.

The Milky Way is an ark of stars and star dust that has been around for about a 100,000 Light Years! The Greeks discovered it and they thought it was pointing to something. It would be a totally filled white line but there is "dust" covering some parts. On a flat view it looks like a disk with a circular lump in the middle. Our sun is 25,000 light years away from the central budge, and the dwarf galaxy's is 50,00 light years away from our sun. The sun and the dwarf galaxy orbit clockwise around the spiral arms. The arms are around the central budge, in the budge there are many stars closely packed together, In the middle of that lies a black hole and that is the center of the Milky Way Galaxy.

The History Of The Solar System-
The sun and all the other stars were formed when gravity pulled together all types of gas and dust. When the sun formed out of the dust it began forming a disc around it with small particles of matter eventually morphing into bigger matter particles. The matter particles farthest away from the sun were it was the coldest were called Planetesables, these collided with each other either to make bigger Planettesables or just to explode. After time the matter on the outer discs because the four biggest planets we know today- Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune they like the sun also grew discs and on the discs grew moons. On the inner discs the other planets formed like earth and mars. If Planet-teasels survive [not many do] they can become comets if close enough to the hotness of the sun. When the comets are ripped apart they cause rings around the planets.

The History Of Rockets-
Before Rockets even came to be there was the Aeolipile. What that did was successfully used steam as a gas. There was four parts to the Aeolipile, The fire, the kettle, the sphere and the tubes. The fire turned the water into steam witch traveled through the tubes into the sphere and out the other two connected L-shaped tubes. The L- shaped tubes caused the gas to come out both tubes and caused the sphere to spin.

 The first **real** rocket came to be is unknown but many said it was accidental from the Chinese. The theory is that they used their simple gun power in bamboo chutes at religious festivities. They then thought lets attach a bow to them, the bows launched just with the power of the gas and then the rockets were born! The Chinese used their new Intel against the Mongols in the War. The Mongols caught on to this idea, and it spread from them to England. From England it went to France, Russia and Italy soon it was spread across the world and the uses were mainly for war.



Tsiolkovsky had an idea to use rockets to travel to space, he proposed this idea after he figured out that they go farther with liquid propellants. Tsiolkovsky figured that the speed and range were limited to the exhaust velocity of escaping gases. Goddard built off of that and he used different solids and burning gases. He figured out that the best way to fuel them was with liquid. He was the first to succeeded rocket with liquid [gasoline] and it was a new begging for the rocket.

After more attempts the rockets got better and more advanced it brought us the V-2 rocket. The V-2 rocket was used in London during WWII. This was achieved by burning a mixture of liquid containing alcohol and oxygen. This rocket lead to the invention of missiles witch lead to ballistic missiles. These missiles lead to the start of a US space program. An we still have that space program today called NASA.


 * Rocket Stages **

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= Summary Of //Exploration of Mars-// = In total there has been roughly forty explorations to Mars. Eighty percent of the times the rovers/rockets/satellite/etc. do make it but some do not. The purpose of sending these rovers/rockets/satellite/etc. is to see if there was ever any life on Mars.

The first mission to ever reach Mars was Mariner 4. Mariner was the fourth in a space craft series used for fly-byes. It was the first successful mission and brought great joy and hope to everyone when it successfully returned pictures of Mars Martian surface.

The most resent mission to Mars is Curiosity. It is the biggest rover NASA has made yet. It took off on November 26th, 2011. After launch it was sent into orbit, and is currently roughly 3/4 of the way there. It is expected to land on Mars on August 6th, 2012. It will hopefully send information about the living conditions on Mars and also send hope of human exploration on Mars.

My Rocket Parts
Nose-Cone: Guides airflow throughout rocket. Body Tube: Main structural part of the rocket, strong tube. Recovery System: Used to get the rocket back safely. Recovery Wadding: Protects recovery system from hot gases. Launch Lug: Guides rocket straight off launch pad. Fins: Keep rocket traveling straight. Motor Mount: Holds rocket in place. Rocket Motor: Safe, un-reusable device. New one is needed each flight.

= = =Mass Effecting Altitude-=

The experiment purpose was to learn if the mass effected the maximum altitude. We performed this experiment with 6 steps: The results of this experiment was opposite of my hypothesis. The mass did not effect it like I thought it would. I can prove this by looking at the graph the rocket that weighed the most and went the highest. You also can't say the heavier the higher because the second heaviest was on of the lowest heights. I thought that some times it was a direct relation and other times it was inverse, but they all lead up to the mass in the middle 45.5 g except for two oddballs. Our rocket's first launch session ended up as a fail attempt. Previously it had lost two fins and that is how we launched it. Our rocket ended up going 15(degrees) and the opposite way the other rockets flew. This concluding that fins are a big part of the rocket. Our second launch session was way more successful than the first, our rocket went up 31(degrees) and the altitude using Trigonometry was 60.1m. Once our rocket was at it's highest point the parachute deployed and the rocket came down smoothly. I can improve my rocket by adding less wadding so the rocket has more "umph" from the lift off. I can also slim down the fins to make the rocket more dynamic.
 * 1) Built our rocket with the class with the same exact directions
 * 2) Painted our rockets
 * 3) Weighed them because the paint added on weight and made everyone's a different mass
 * 4) We set up the launch pad and 100m away stood the people with the angle gun
 * 5) We then launched our rocket's and the angle people measured the maximum altitude (m)
 * 6) After we had all the maximum altitudes we averaged them and put them into a scatter graph and reviewed the graph to see if it matched our hypothesis

Flight of Our Rockets-
The purpose was to see if the fins affected the rockets altitude. In the first experiment we did mass affecting altitude [see Mass Affecting Altitude Entry for more information]. You can see the results in the first graph below. The data relationship of this graph is inverse relationship with four oddballs. The second experiment was fins affecting altitude. You can see the results in the second graph below. The data relationship for this graph is mostly no relationship with little inverse relation.

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To modify the fins on our rocket we put our fins at the bottom because it will be more stable then if we put the fins on the top. We also slimed down the added fins down because it is more arrow dynamic that way. Our rocket flew the third highest out of the group. I think this is because other groups put rockets everywhere without a design, witch made the rocket less stable. The also kept the original shape without shaving it this made it less aerodynamic.

Robot History-
Robots are used everywhere and everyday, but do we really know who started to invent them or with what??

The first robots were made by people such as Hero of Alexandria [1st Century AD] and Al-Jazari but they were simple machines used for repetitive actions. Throughout the Industrial Age the mechanics advance and everybody thinks of new ways to base robot designs on books. Then as Nikola Tesla decides to make more practical robots so he built the first radio-controlled boat. This lead other inventors such as John Hammond Jr. and Benjamin Miessner to try different kinds of robots so they made the first Electronic Dog. After they made the dog they went on to more advanced things like the Self-Directing Torpedo.

The world then started to get more advanced and make robotic with human-attributes and human-actions. The world started to create autonomous robot's or robots who can perform desired tasks. The first autonomous robot was created by William Grey Walter. The first digital programmed robot was not invented until George Devol came around, and was called the Ultimate. The name came because you could program it to do anything. Devol sold it and the Ultimate was used to lift burning pieces of metal off die casting machines.

We have now reached the level of humanity within robots. The ASIMO can walk, talk and perform human actions. It can perform actions that humans physically can't and keeps advancing. Where will robots take us next?

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The motors in the robot allow it to move forward, backward, turn and slow down, sped up. The motors are a BIG part of the robot without it the robot would not go forward, go backward, turn or slow down! Without it we would have an almost useless robot. The problems with the motors is that motor might be rotating and the wheels are turning to the way that the slower motor is, so when it turns one of the wheels will stop working. =====

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Geology on Earth and Mars-
Geologists on Earth have many different tricks up their sleeves for identifying minerals and rocks. One of the many ways to identify minerals and rocks is hardness. You compare a rocks hardness to the hardness of common objects [nail, glass etc..], you compare these based on the Mohs scale. The Mohs scale is the hardness of a mineral to a hardness of a common object, for example gypsum has the same hardness as your finger nail. How they test the hardness is they take the common objects and scratch the minerals is they leave a mark the common object is harder then the mineral and they can determine where it is on the scale based on that. Another way they can identify the minerals is by their streak color. The steak is the color of the mineral in powdered form. The streak of each mineral is different; so when the geologists run the minerals over the streak plate and see which color it makes they can easily determine the mineral. Another way to identify a mineral is the acid test, you take the minerals/rocks and pour hydrochloric acid on them and see which bubbles. The geologists can also determine a mineral based on the magnetism of it. Only few rocks/minerals are magnetic so the geologists can test if they are and if the test is positive move on from there. The final way is the hardest way because a lot of the minerals have similar colors, as you can guess the last way is color. This is as simple as it sounds they look at the color of the mineral and base it of the minerals they have already identified.



Curiosity's geology on Mars is a little bit different then how we do it on Earth. The first thing that is different is Curiosity will test with drills and suckers, it will do this by drilling a hole until the powder comes out then the suckers will suck the powder back into the robot and analyze it. Another thing that is different is Curiosity will test the rock walls it will do this by reflecting the light off the wall with its laser.



Characteristics of Life on Earth and Mars-
What do all living things have in common, all living things don’t look the same and don’t act the same but we do have eight things that are essential for life. The first thing that all living things must be made of cells, cells have many parts called organelles. Another must is all living things need materials either that they make or take materials from the earth. Things that have life also are homeostatic meaning things try to stay the same on the inside. Next all things that ensure life responds to stimuli, either positive by moving toward it or negative by getting away from it. All living things need to grow either by short bursts or an analog growth. Another thing to add to the list is all living things adapt to their surroundings. Lastly all things with life have respiration and contrary to common belief respiration is the releasing of energy stored in the chemical bonds of sugars [food]. Now you must have all eight of these char to believing, but you do not have to use all eight of these at once.



Life on Mars will be detected by a few different things. First they would take the Martian soil and mix it with a drop of water to see if there is any carbon dioxide or methane gas. Another thing that will be detected by heating the Mars soil to see if any conditions would have microbes. Lastly the soil was mixed with nutrients to see if it created radioactive molecules.